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2.4.3 Brayton cycle The Brayton cycle (Joule cycle) is the thermodynamic cycle upon which all gas turbines operate. Figure 2.6 shows the simple gas turbine configuration and the cycle in a T-S diagram. The cycle consists of four processes. A compression occurs in a compressor (1-2), then, follow a heat addition at constant pressure in the combustion chamber (2-3) and an expansion process in the turbine (3-4). A constant pressure cooling process (4-1) closes the cycle. Fuel 23 3 4 Combustion chamber Compressor Turbine 14 ~ Generator 2 1 .. Wnet Q T-T 1 Qin Qin 3 2 p Figure 2.6 – The Joule/Brayton cycle Assuming processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic and processes 2-3 and 4-1 isobaric, the thermal efficiency of the Brayton cycle is given by ηBR= =1- out =1- 4 1 =1- (2.5) th . . T +T r(k-1)/k Where T (j=1-4) is the absolute temperature, r =P /P is the pressure ratio and k the specific j p21 heat ratio. It is obvious from equation 2.5 that the efficiency of the cycle strongly depends on the pressure ratio and the firing temperature. Other factors affecting the performance of a gas turbine are fuel type, site location, air quality (humidity, temperature), steam injection, etc. Although the exhaust is released at temperature of 400-600 oC, and represents significant amount of energy lost, modern gas turbines offer higher efficiency (up to 43.8%) and power output from 0.2 up to 270 MWe. A review of major modern gas turbines can be found in Poullikkas (2005). The exhaust heat in the gas turbine engine represents a significant amount of heat wasted which can be recovered using a bottoming cycle such as Rankine or Kalina cycles, thus increasing the overall efficiency of the power plant up to 60%. Entropy Page | 41 TemperaturePDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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