Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles

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Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles ( low-grade-heat-conversion-into-power-using-small-scale-organ )

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2.4.2 Stirling and Ericsson cycles Stirling and Ericsson cycles like Carnot cycle involve two isothermal processes. They differ from the Carnot cycle in that the two isentropic processes are replaced by two constant- volume regeneration processes in the Stirling cycle and by two constant-pressure regeneration processes in the Ericsson cycle. Figure 2.7 shows the P-v and the T-s diagrams of Stirling cycle. 3 2 34 2 1 Figure 2.7 – The Stirling cycle 4 1 For an ideal Stirling–cycle engine (perfect regeneration), the thermal efficiency can be determined by (Kontragool and Wongwise, 2006): . Wnet T =1- 1 ηST= th . T Volume (2.6) As it can be seen from equation 2.6, the efficiency of the Stirling cycle engine strongly depends on the temperatures and equals the Carnot efficiency, and thus has the potential of reaching very high efficiencies. The Stirling cycle can be achieved by combination of various machine components. The cycle provides a constant-volume process during the transfer of working fluid between the hot and cold space of the engine, and provides a constant-temperature heating and cooling process during compression and expansion. The compression and expansion processes of the cycle generally take place in a cylinder (power cylinder) with a piston (power piston). A displacer piston (displacer) shuttles the working fluid back and forth through the heater, regenerator, and cooler at constant volume. Three different configurations of the Stirling engine are commonly used. These configurations shown on Figure 2.8 are the alpha-, the beta- and the gamma-configurations. In all these configurations, the displacer plays the same role, which is to displace the working fluid from hot space to the cold space and vice versa. Qin 3 Entropy 1-2: isothermal compression, 2-3: isochoric heat addition 3-4: isothermal expansion, 4-1: isochoric cooling Page | 42 Pressure Temperature

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