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3” 3’ 3 2 1 44’4” Figure 2.11 – Superheated Rankine cycles Although the superheating has positive effects on wet fluids, this is not the case regarding dry fluids. Dry fluids possess positive saturation vapor line and the expansion process takes place in the vapor region. Thus, droplets will never appear in the turbine. Hung et al., (1997) showed that superheating increases the cycle thermal efficiency when wet fluids are used and reduces it for dry fluids. Cycle efficiency for isentropic fluids remains constant. 2.5.2 Transcritical and supercritical Rankine cycles In a subcritical Rankine cycle, the heat addition in the boiler takes place at pressures below the critical point. Seeking for higher efficiency, the pressure in the boiler can be set above the critical pressure, giving birth to transcritical and supercritical cycles. However, the transcritical cycle for which the heat rejection takes place at a subcritical pressure, must not be confused with the entirely supercritical cycle proposed by Feher (1968) in which heat exchanges take place out of the saturation dome. Different situations can be appreciated on Figure 2.12. In practice, transcritical cycles using steam yield high efficiency (up to 45% and beyond) but require special materials and high safety precautions owing to very high pressures. In modern steam power plants the pressure could reach 375 bar and a maximum temperature of about 720 °C (Beér, 2007). Recently, there have been attempts to use working fluids with low boiling point and low critical temperature such as organic fluids in Rankine cycles. Saleh et al. (2007), Karellas and Schuster (2008) and Schuster et al. (2009) have worked in this direction. From different studies, few conclusions can be raised: (1) efficiencies of transcritical and subcritical organic Rankine cycles are of the same order, (2) heat exchangers are more efficient when used in transcritical cycles owing to better matching with the heat source and (3) transcritical Organic Rankine Cycles in practice will require additional safety devices because of higher pressures, thus increasing the cost of such systems and slow their implementation. Entropy Page | 46 TemperaturePDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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