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classification of different cycles according to their maximum temperature was done by Korobitsyn (1998) and is duplicated in Figure 2.20. He examined theoretically and technically achievable combinations: Brayton/Brayton, Otto/Kalina, Rankine/Kalina, Fuel cell/Stirling, etc. Kalina and organic Rankine cycles operate at the lowest maximum temperature, making them potentially suitable to recover the heat exhausted from high temperature fuel cells, gas turbines and diesel engines. At the moment the concern is growing in regard to the increasing energy demand and the inherent environmental pollution, combined power cycles have an important role to play. Combined cycles provide several advantages (Poullikas, 2005; Beér, 2007): higher thermal efficiency (up to 60%), low emissions of harmful substances (NOx, CO, CO2, SOx, etc), low capital costs and short construction time and flexibility in plant size. 2000 1500 1000 500 Basic power cycles Figure 2.20 – Basic power cycles classification with respect to the operating temperature (Adapted from Korobitsyn, 1998) 2.6 Conclusion In this chapter, major thermodynamic power cycles were presented to highlight the differences with the basic Rankine cycle as devised by William J.M. Rankine. Emphasis was given to Rankine vapor power cycles and various derivate cycles. Using single component fluids such as steam, hydrocarbons and refrigerants, the efficiency of the traditional Rankine cycle can be increased trough regeneration processes i.e. a temperature increase in the evaporator. Provided the materials are well selected to resist at high temperature and pressure, supercritical and transcritical can achieve very high thermal efficiencies. In view of reducing the exergy losses in heat exchangers, the use of ammonia-water mixtures is being proposed in Kalina, Uehara and Goswami cycles. Rankine cycles by the way they operate at lower temperature compared to gas power cycles, are suitable for waste heat recovery, which leads to higher overall efficiencies and considerable fuel savings. Page | 55 Kalina /ORC LT Fuel cells Steam Rankine cycles Temperature (oC) Diesel/Otto cycles Gas turbine cycles HT Fuel cells Stirling cyclePDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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