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3 - Organic Rankine Cycle Applications 3.1 Introduction The Rankine cycle is one of the most important ways to transform on large scale thermal energy into mechanical or electrical power. Main components forming the cycle are: steam generator (in which the thermal energy is supplied), a turbine (in which the working fluid expands), a condenser (cools the working fluid) and a pump (feeds the steam generator). Schematic of a conventional steam power plant is depicted in Figure 3.1. Figure 3.1 – Schematic of a steam power plant (Source: www.orcycle.be) The Rankine Cycle from its origin is usually implemented with water as the working fluid. Water has very small molecular weight (18 kg/kmol), a high boiling point of 100 oC, and a critical temperature of 374 oC. Its T-s diagram is in form of a bell that characterizes wet fluids (Figure 3.2). The main benefits to using water as working fluid are that water is chemically very stable and no special requirements are therefore needed for construction materials. Moreover, water has a very low viscosity and the power needed for its transportation is limited. The specific heat of water (4.18 kJ/kg.K) is relatively high, and this makes it a good energy carrier. Water is also cheap, abundant, non-toxic and has no negative impact on the environment. However, many problems are encountered when using water/steam as working fluid: need of superheating (up to 600 oC) to prevent condensation during expansion, risk of erosion of turbine blades, excess pressure in the evaporator, complex and expensive turbines due to large steam volumes at the turbine exit. Because of the aforementioned reasons, water is more suitable for high temperature applications and large centralized systems. Page | 57PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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