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Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles

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Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles ( low-grade-heat-conversion-into-power-using-small-scale-organ )

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700 Water 700 110 bar 55 bar 30 bar 20 bar 10 bar 0.1 bar 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 600 500 400 300 200 100 600 500 400 300 200 100 250 200 150 100 00 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 s [kJ/kg-K] n-Pentane 8.0 10.0 250 200 150 100 50 -50 -100 2.0 2.5 19.8 bar 5.31 bar 0.76 bar 0.027 bar 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 50 00 -50 -100 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 s [kJ/kg-K] Figure 3.2 – T-s diagrams of water and that of an organic fluid The problems encountered with water can be partially mitigated by selecting an appropriate fluid. Organic compounds characterized by higher molecular mass and lower ebullition temperature than water can be used in so called ―Organic Rankine Cycles‖. An organic Rankine cycle presents several advantages (Tchanche et al., 2010c). In comparison with water, less heat is needed to evaporate an organic fluid. The evaporation of organic fluids takes place at lower pressure and temperature. Usually the expansion process ends in the vapor region and hence the superheating is not required and the risk of blades erosion is avoided (see Figure 3.2). The smaller temperature difference between evaporation and condensation also means that the pressure drop/ratio will be much smaller and thus simple single stage turbines can be used. This makes ORCs suitable for small and medium scale applications. Page | 58 T [°C] T [°C]

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