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Although investigated since the 1880s, organic Rankine cycles have never been popular until today‘s growing concern over the future depletion of fossil fuels and the global warming is turning the interest on low-grade energy recovery systems. Depending upon the working fluid, an ORC can suitably recover heat from various sources: solar energy, geothermal heat sources, biomass combustion, industrial waste heat, etc. In this chapter, most developed applications are reported and analyzed from technical and economical viewpoints. 3.2 ORC applications 3.2.1 Binary geothermal power plants The Earth is increasingly warmer the deeper one goes. At some points of the Earth‘s surface, such as Iceland, temperature of up to 1000 °C exists just several meters from the surface. This underground energy usually called geothermal energy can be used for electricity generation or for process heat in buildings, industries and farm structures. First use of geothermal energy for electricity generation started in Italy with experimental work by Prince Gionori Conti in 1904-1905. And first commercial plant of 250 kWe is reported to have been erected in 1913 at Larderello, Italy (Lund, 2006). These developments were followed by New Zealand (1958), Mexico (1959), USA (1960), Japan (1966) and Russia (1967). Currently, there are 504 geothermal power plants in operation in 27 countries with a combined installed capacity of about 10 GW (DiPippo, 2008). Major types of geothermal power plants are: dry steam, single-flash, double-flash and binary-cycle plants. Comparison between available options is summarized in Table 3.1. Flash systems are used for moderate and liquid-dominated resources, dry steam plants for dry-steam resources and binary cycles are well adapted for low temperature liquid-dominated resources. Table 3.1 – Comparison of different types of geothermal plants (Source: DiPippo, 2008) Type Double-flash Dry-steam Single-flash Basic binary Resource temperature (°C) 240-320 180-300 200-260 125-165 Utilization efficiency (%) 35-45 50-65 30-35 25-45 Plant cost and complexity Moderate ►high Low-moderate Moderate Moderate ►high In a binary plant (Figure 3.3), the thermal energy of the geofluid is transferred to a secondary working fluid via a heat exchanger for use in a conventional Rankine cycle. The organic working fluid (Butanes, Pentanes, etc) chosen for its appropriate thermodynamic properties receives heat from the geothermal fluid evaporates and drives the turbine before being condensed and returned back to the evaporator by the feed pump. Cooling is assured by air coolers, surface water cooling systems, wet-type cooling towers or dry-type cooling towers. Page | 59PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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