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Evaporator Turbine/generator Cooling tower ~ Condenser Preheater Fluid pump Cooling water pump Injection pump Pump Production well Figure 3.3 – Flow diagram for a binary geothermal power plant (Source: DiPippo, 2008) The first binary geothermal plant was put into operation at Paratunka, Russia in 1967. It was rated at 680 kWe using water at a temperature of 81 °C – the lowest temperature ever reported in the world for electricity generation from geothermal energy. The later proved the feasibility of binary concept. For low temperature geofluids below 150 °C, it is difficult to implement cost effective flash steam plants. Therefore, the binary option is the sole solution for low temperature heat resources. Today, binary power plants are the most widely used type of geothermal power plant with 162 units, generating 373 MW of power. They constitute 32.14% of all geothermal units in operation but generate only 4% of the total power (DiPippo, 2008). Few binary plants are given in Table 3.2. Table 3.2 – Few binary ORC geothermal power plants (Sources: Bloomquist, 2003; DiPippo, 2004; Kanoglu and Bolatturk, 2008) Injection well Plants/location Amedee, USA Wineagle, USA Altheim, Austria Otake, Japan Nigorikawa, Japan Reno, NV, USA Resource temp. (°C) 104 110 106 130 140 158 Resource mass flow 205 l/s 63 l/s 86 l/s 14.661 kg/s 50 kg/s 556 kg/s Working fluid R-114 isobutane - isobutane R-114 isobutane Gross/Net power Thermal efficiency (MW) (%) 2.0/1.5 - 0.75/0.6 - -/1.0 - -/1.0 12.9 -/1.0 9.81 27/21.744 10.2 In geothermal plants, the constant preoccupation is the optimal resource utilization. This is measured in terms of energy and exergy efficiencies. However, it should be pointed out that since the brine cools down as it transfers heat to the working fluid, a more realistic ideal cycle for a geothermal binary power plant is a triangular cycle instead of the Carnot cycle (DiPippo, 2007). And a reasonable approach for plant optimization is the power output instead of the thermal efficiency as the heat source is free. According to Borsukiewicz-Gozdur & Nowak (2007a), geothermal water mass flow should be appropriately chosen for power maximization. Kanoglu and Bolatturk (2008) performed the thermodynamic analysis of the Reno binary plant. The investigated plant which receives geothermal fluid at 158 °C and uses isobutane as working fluid yields an exergy efficiency of 21% and has an energy efficiency of 10.2%. The brine reinjected at relatively high Page | 60PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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