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temperature 90 °C, accounts for 35.3% of exergy losses and 55.7% of energy losses. Thus it is suggested that the water injected in the wells at temperature around 50-90 °C being used for district heating to realize the so-called combined heat and power (CHP) to increase the overall efficiency of the plant. An important component of binary systems is the working fluid. These should be well selected so as to decrease the exergy destroyed in heat exchangers by better matching with the brine, minimize heat exchangers and turbine size and provide maximum power output. Health, safety and environmental characteristics of the fluid should not be overlooked. Saleh et al. (2007), DiPippo (2008), Madhawa et al. (2007) and Borsukiewicz-Gozdur and Nowak (2007b) investigated potential candidates for binary plants. From the aforementioned studies, ammonia, butanes, pentanes and synthetic fluids such as R-245fa and R-227ea are well suited for ORC binary plants. New designs have been proposed for better utilization of geothermal resource. These include dual-pressure and dual-fluid binary cycles, combined and integrated flash binary plants. Dual pressure plants employ two turbines or two-level pressure turbines while dual fluid plant integrates two cycles for the same resource. Combined and integrated flash binary plants couple flash and binary plants. At the moment many governments stressed by the negative effects of climate change, are looking for clean electricity generation technologies, geothermal binary systems with the advantages of almost zero harmful emission and a well established industry can play a certain role where conditions are favorable. 3.2.2 Solar thermal power systems Concentrating SOLAR THERMAL POWER Parabolic trough Linear Fresnel Central receiver Dish/stirling Non-concentrating Solar chimneys Solar ponds Evacuated, Flat plate Figure 3.4 - Overview of solar thermal electricity technologies Solar thermal electricity generation systems can be grouped into two groups (Tchanche et al., 2009c): concentrating and non-concentrating systems. Solar concentrating systems are based on the concept of concentrating solar radiation to produce steam or hot air, which can then be used for electricity generation using conventional power cycles. In concentrating systems we distinguish point focusing systems (central receiver, paraboloidal dish) and line focusing systems (parabolic trough, linear Fresnel). Non-concentrating Page | 61PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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