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An advanced concept of mini-hybrid solar power plant integrating solar concentrators, two superposed organic Rankine cycles and a Diesel engine was proposed by Kane et al. (2003). Linear Fresnel collectors were used to track the sun and concentrate the solar radiation on the receiver tube in which pressurized water circulates. Superposed Rankine cycles used R123 as working fluid in the topping cycle and R134a in the bottoming cycle (Figure 3.9). Hermetic scroll expander/generators were used for electricity generation. The Diesel engine was integrated to guarantee a minimum level of both power and heat availability at night or during periods of low radiation. Both laboratory and in situ tests were carried out at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland. The system overall efficiency was 7.74% in ―solar only‖ mode and 41% in ―fossil fuel‖ mode. 3.2.2.3 Solar Pond Systems A solar pond power plant (SPPP) is made of two subs—systems: a salt gradient solar pond and a conventional Organic Rankine Cycle. The salt gradient solar pond (SGSP) is a flat and uncovered large reservoir of water acting as a liquid solar thermal collector/heat store. It absorbs solar radiation (diffuse and direct), transforms it into heat and stores it in the form of hot water. A salt gradient solar pond is artificially divided into three zones (Trieb, 1997): The upper convective layer of thickness between 0.15-0.30 m with low salinity water acts as a transparent cover and thermal insulator. The bottom layer of thickness from 2 up to 7 m with high-concentration brine that acts as a heat absorber and heat store. The middle layer of thickness between 1-1.5 m acts as an additional insulator and is called the gradient salt layer. In this layer, salinity and temperature increase from the top to the bottom. This phenomenon was discovered in 1902 by Kalecsinsky in a lake located near Szovata, Transyslvania. The maximum temperature obtained in a pond is about 90-100 oC, making it suitable for Rankine Cycles working with low boiling point organic fluids such as R134a. The configuration of the salt gradient solar pond matches the sources of an organic Rankine cycle working at low temperature (Figure 3.10). The upper layer serves as cold source to cool the condenser while the bottom layer supplies the evaporator with heat. The principle of operation is simple; during the day, the pond is charged while the extraction of heat can be scheduled for precise period of time. During operation, the bottom layer supplies heat to the evaporator where it is used to evaporate the working fluid. The fluid at vapor state is expanded in the turbine and cooled in the condenser before being pumped to the evaporator to close the cycle. A schematic of a solar pond power system is given in Figure 3.10. The thermal performance of a solar pond is around 15-25% while the solar-to-electric efficiency is about 0.8-2%. Research on solar ponds started in Israel in 1950-1970 and the first solar pond with a surface area of 1100 m2 was built in 1975 at the Dead Sea Works. Since that period, several power plants based on this technology were constructed and operated at different sites Page | 66PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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