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around the world: Israel, India, USA, Italy, Egypt, China, Japan, Mexico, Portugal, Kuwait and other countries. The biggest one is the 5 MW-250,000 m2 SPPP at Beith Ha‘avara, Israel. Others are: Ein Boqek, Israel (150 kW/ 6250 m2); Yavne, Isreal (6 kW/ 1500 m2); Alice Springs, Australia (15 kW/ 1600 m2); El Paso, USA (70 kW/ 3350 m2). Solar energy Cold water pump Condenser Low salinity layer Water reservoir Pump Gradient layer Turbine/ generator G ~ Hot brine pump Concentrated layer Figure 3.10 – Principle of a Solar Pond Power Plant 3.2.3 Solar ORC-RO desalination systems Desalination can be defined as a group of techniques that consists of removing salt and other solids particles from raw water so called seawater or brackish water depending on the concentration of salts to make it suitable for human consumption. Desalination technologies can be classified in two groups according to their separation mechanism: thermal and membrane based technologies (Fritzmann et al., 2007). Thermal desalination separates salt from water by evaporation and condensation, whereas in membrane desalination water diffuses through a membrane, while the salts are almost completely retained. Major desalination techniques are given in Table 3.4. Reverse osmosis and multi- stage flash are the most widely used technologies. The cost of water produced depends upon energy source, plant size, technology, feed water salinity and required product quality (Karagiannis and Soldato., 2008). Table 3.4 - Desalination technologies (Fritzmann et al., 2007) Evaporator Thermal desalination technologies Multi- stage flash distillation (MSF) Multi-effect distillation (MED) Vapor compression distillation (VCD) Membrane desalination technologies Reverse osmosis (RO) Nanofiltration (NF) Electrodialysis (ED) Page | 67PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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