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Recently there has been a trend to couple desalination techniques with renewable in order to reduce the impact of conventional power plants on the environment (Mathioulakis et al., 2007). The aforementioned techniques can be coupled either with solar PV panels or solar thermal collectors. MSF can be heated by solar thermal collectors or can use waste heat from industrial effluents or solar power plants built as cogeneration systems. RO can be powered by electricity or mechanical power. Both of them represent about 70% of total installed systems powered by renewable energy sources in the world (Figure 3.11). At the moment, solar powered systems are expensive compared to conventional or other alternative systems such as wind and geothermal energy powered systems (Table 3.5). Figure 3.11 - Share of renewable energy sources and technologies in renewable energy powered desalination processes (Source: Mathioulakis et al., 2007) Table 3.5 - Cost comparison of freshwater in relation with the energy source (Sources: Karagianis and Soldatos, 2008; Essam et al., 2008) Feedwater Brackish Seawater Energy source Conventional Photovoltaics Geothermal Conventional Wind Photovoltaics Solar thermal collectors Cost (€/m3) 0.21-1.06 0.5-5 2.00 0.35-2.70 1.00-5.00 3-20 3.50-8.00 Reverse osmosis (RO) is a pressure driven separation technique based on a property of certain polymers called semi-permeability. While they are very permeable for water, their permeability for dissolved substances is low. By applying a pressure difference across the membrane the water contained in the feed is forced to permeate through the membrane. In order to overcome the feed side osmotic pressure, fairly high feed pressure is required. Pressures applied in reverse osmosis applications vary from 15-25 bars for brackish water and 60-80 bars for seawater (Fritzmann et al., 2007). The process includes the following steps: pre-treatment, pumping, membrane separation, brine energy recovery and post- treatment. Pumping process can be easily achieved through electricity or shaft power thus Page | 68PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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