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ηsc and ηRC refer to the efficiencies of solar collector and Rankine engine, respectively. COPvc is the coefficient-of-performance of the vapor compression cooling subsystem. Qo is the cooling power, GT, the solar irradiation and Asc, the solar collector area. Solar energy Mechanical work (W) Heat input Heat engine Cooling machine Solar thermal collectors (Th) Heat rejected Ambient (Ta) Heat rejected Figure 3.13 – Solar thermo-mechanical refrigeration system (Kim and Ferreira, 2008) A literature review conducted reveals little interest on this topic. Most activities on this technology were carried in USA, Japan and Saoudi-Arabia in 1970s and 1980s and mainly theoretical investigations are reported. Lior (1977) studied a solar-powered, fuel- superheated Rankine cycle incorporating a steam turbine. A superheater is integrated into the system to avoid a two-phase operation of the turbine. This system was designed to work in cooling as well as in heating mode. The study proved the system was capable of saving substantial quantity of fuels. Because of economy-of-scale, this option would only be applicable for large refrigeration systems. For low power systems and moderate temperature heat sources, design problems arise: excessive turbine shaft speed, high degree of superheat (~560 oC), turbine-blade erosion, etc (Wali, 1980). To overcome the design difficulties, organic fluids were suggested. Wali (1980) compared several organic compounds for application in small-scale solar applications and R-113 emerged as a potential working fluid. A prototype of solar Rankine driven cooling system was designed and tested by Barber- Nichols Engineering Co., USA, in the framework of a project co-funded by Honeywell Inc. and the National science Foundation. The demonstration package developed for supplying residential cooling and/or electricity via a solar heated Rankine cycle as depicted in Figure 3.14, comprised a 3-ton air conditioning working with R12, 1-kW electric system, a R113 Rankine cycle, and a solar collector that provides warm water at 102 oC (Prigmore and Barber, 1975). With a turbine efficiency of 80% and a compressor efficiency of 85%, the Heat removed Cooling load (Tl) Page | 71PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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