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D| Kalina and Uehara cycles Both cycles have been investigated for use in OTEC plants (Uehara, 1994). They operate as explained in the previous chapter and use ammonia/water mixture as working fluid. An OTEC system utilizes very low temperature heat (20-30 °C) and yields low efficiency of about 3-5%. Therefore, generating high capacity power requires enormous quantity of seawater and pumping energy what could decrease the cost-effectiveness of this technology. It was proposed OTEC to be integrated in a multiple industrial complex. An Integrated Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion System (I-OTECS) apart from generating electricity could potentially tackle other ventures: fresh water production, air conditioning and refrigeration, cold water agriculture, aquaculture and mariculture, hydrogen production, lithium extraction, etc. Potential markets for OTEC have been identified, most of which are in Pacific Ocean and 50 countries are examining its implementation as alternative energy source and sustainable solution for water scarcity: India, Korea, Palau, Philippines, Hawaii, Papua New Guinea, etc. In 2001, as a result of cooperation between Japan and India a 1MW plant was erected and many others are planned to be constructed in the near future. A cost analysis carried out for a 10 MWe plant gives $0.089/kWh and a water cost of $0.82/m3 while for a larger plant, 100 MWe, $0.068 and $0.51 are obtained (Uehara, 2006). At the moment, this technology is gaining worldwide attention as one of the most reliable solution to most issues facing the world and many multi-purposes OTEC plants are expected to be built in the near future. 3.2.6 Organic Rankine Cycle in waste heat recovery application Waste heat can be defined as the heat generated in a process by way of fuel combustion or other chemical reaction and, then ―dumped‖ to the environment. Many studies regarding the potential evaluation of the heat recovery in industries reveal its huge potential. In fact up to 70% of the input energy is released to the environment as thermal heat and contribute to the environmental pollution via the following streams (Bonilla et al., 1997, Galanis et al., 2009, Tchanche et al., 2010c): liquid streams, stack losses, steam losses, process gases and solid product streams. Depending upon the temperature of the process, waste heat can be rejected at low temperature as in air compressors or at medium/high temperature in incinerators and furnaces. In Table 3.6, most of sources of waste heat recorded in different industries and thermal processes are classified according to the temperature level of the exhaust heat. Thermoelectric generators, Kalina and Rankine cycles can convert heat into electricity. Steam cycles are suitable for recovering high temperature heat. In medium and low temperature ranges, organic fluids with low boiling points are preferable (Hung, 2001). Two schemes are distinguished to transfer the heat from the waste heat source to the cycle: (1) an intermediary thermal oil loop is integrated between the heat source and organic Rankine cycle system and (2) heat transfer between heat source stream and working fluid stream takes place in the same heat exchanger. Industrial processes and particularly power plants reject vast quantities of heat carried by flue gases. Well designed ORC modules can turn this thermal energy into electricity. Process design deals with the selection of working fluids, turbines and heat exchangers. Page | 76PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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