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Most of time, studies related to ORCs in heat recovery application focus the selection of working fluids (Invernizzi et al., 2007; Chacartegui et al., 2009; Angelino and Colonna di Paliano, 1998; Dai et al., 2009; Hung et al., 1997; Maizza and Maizza, 2001; Liu et al., 2004; Hung, 2001). From the abundant relevant literature, the following can be retained: Fluids with high critical temperature or high boiling point such as toluene, benzene and siloxanes are adapted for medium temperature. Pentanes, butanes, and cryogens such as R113, R123, R245fa, HFE7000, etc are best suited at low temperature. Fluid mixtures with the advantage of best matching with exhaust stream offer additional choice for fluids and could be well suited for systems aiming at producing hot water as additional product. Heat recovery High temperature Medium Temperature Low temperature Table 3.6 – Waste heat sources and temperature range (Source: www.energyefficiecyasia.com) Sources Solid waste and fume incinerators Nickel refining furnace Glass melting furnace Aluminum, copper and zinc refining furnaces Cement kiln Hydrogen plants Steam boiler exhaust Gas turbine exhaust Drying and baking ovens Catalytic crackers Reciprocating engine exhausts Annealing furnaces Internal combustion engines Hot processed liquids and solids Drying, curing and curing ovens Welding and injection molding machines Air compressors Temperature (oC) 650-1450 1370-1650 1000-1550 650-110 620-730 650-1000 230-480 370-540 230-600 425-650 315-600 66-230 66-120 32-232 93-230 32-88 27-50 An example of heat recovery in a biogas digestion plant using an ORC module was presented by Schuster et al. (2009). Two waste heat sources were identified: hot water from the cooling circuit of the turbocharger and the exhaust gas leaving the ICE (internal combustion engine) at around 490 oC. In addition to 537 kWe for the ICE, 35 kWe could be produced. R245fa is the working fluid. The total efficiency of the plant was increased by 2 on point basis. Economic evaluation showed that with 7500 hours of full load operation, 5.65 c€ /kWh electricity production cost was achieved. In automotive industry, the reduction of fuel consumption in new cars has become a preoccupation. Usually, the combustion engine onboard requires a supply of fuel three times as great as the power actually generated. This is because the combustion engine with its maximum efficiency of about 40% converts less than one third of the energy it receives into mechanical power. For illustration, the heat balance of a typical 1.4 liter spark ignition engine has a thermal efficiency ranging from 15 to 32% depending on operating Page | 77PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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