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conditions. The remaining 60 to 70% of the energy input is rejected to the environment through the radiator (18-42%) and the exhaust system (22-46%) (El Chalmas and Clodic, 2005). Solutions are being researched to recover this heat lost for use in other thermal processes for air conditioning or power/electricity generation. Rankine cycles are regarded as promising solution to serve this purpose. Several encouraging trials have been reported with steam as working fluid. For instance, Honda designed and tested a prototype (Endo et al., 2007). As result, the thermal efficiency was improved from 28.9% to 32.7% for a vehicle tested at a constant speed of 100 km/h. The implementation organic fluids could provide substantial fuel saving by suitably recovering not only the exhaust heat but also the heat released by the cooling circuit. However, the organic fluid should be well selected so as to guarantee the safety of the passengers. An important point to be addressed is the management of transient operations as the vehicle is subject to frequent accelerations and decelerations (Quoilin and Lemort, 2009). 3.2.7 ORC biomass power plants Biomass is the world‘s fourth largest energy source, contributing to nearly 10% of the world‘s primary energy demand (IEA, 2009). In developing countries, the contribution of biomass to the national primary energy demand is higher, up to 70-90% in some countries and usually used in unsustainable way (Karekezi, 2002). This abundant resource could be transformed into electricity and hot water when necessary in CHP plants. Various potential technologies that could serve this purpose are listed in Table 3.7. Table 3.7 – Biomass energy conversion technologies (Dong et al., 2009) Primary technology Combustion producing steam, hot water Gasification producing gaseous fuels Pyrolysis producing gaseous, liquid fuels Biochemical/biological processes producing ethanol, biogas Chemical/mechanical processes producing biodiesel Secondary technology Steam engine, steam turbine, stirling engine, organic Rankine cycle (ORC) Internal combustion engine, micro- turbine, gas turbine, fuel cell Internal combustion engine Internal combustion engine Internal combustion engine The combination combustion/ORC is receiving an increasing attention for application in small scale distributed electricity generation. A typical biomass-ORC cogeneration system is made up of a thermal oil boiler and an organic Rankine cycle machine coupled via a thermal oil loop (see Figure 3.19). Biomass fuel is burned in the boiler made according to well established techniques similar to those used for steam boilers. The thermal oil used as heat transfer fluid provides a number of advantages, including low pressure in the boiler, large inertia and insensitivity to load changes, simple and safe control and operation. Moreover, the adopted hot side temperature (below 350 °C) ensures a long oil life. The heat carried by the thermal oil is transferred to the organic Rankine cycle and converted Page | 78PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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