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3.3 Cost and applications comparison Solar, biomass and geothermal energy considered as renewable and clean energy sources, and waste heat of any origin can serve as heat sources for organic Rankine cycles. The nature of the heat source influences technically and economically the application. However, the main aim of an organic Rankine cycle machine is power generation and as secondary purpose hot water production for district heating. Table 3.8 provides a comparison of different applications. Geothermal and biomass CHP are mature and cost-effective applications. Solar power based on low-temperature ORCs is still under development. Waste heat recovery ORCs is progressively gaining in popularity since the years 2000. They could help improving the fuel efficiency of stationary and mobile thermal power systems and reduce thermal pollution (Tchanche et al. 2010c). Table 3.8 - Comparison of ORC applications Applications Geothermal Solar Power Biomass CHP Waste Heat Recovery Maturity mature Under development mature very promising Availability factor (%) 100 25 100 >60 GHG emissions Very low No Yes No Complexity, Operation & Maintenance Simple Complex operation and maintenance, dispatchability Need of fuel, suitable for distributed generation No fuel needed, economics depend on heat availability Medium and large sized ORC modules are available from several manufacturers (See Table 3.9). The module can be tailored according to the customer‘s specifications and mounted on-site or bought ready from suppliers and delivered in a compact module as shown in Figure 3.20. Once on the site, the module is adapted to the heat source. Although medium sized systems are well developed, only few solutions are coming into market for small scale systems in the kW range. Figure 3.20 – View of a compact ORC module The capital and operating cost of organic Rankine cycle systems vary depending on the system size and application. In general, the specific investment cost for ORC units varies in Page | 80PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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