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4 - Fluid Selection for a Low-Temperature Solar Organic Rankine Cycle 4.1 Introduction The performance and the economics of organic Rankine cycle systems are strictly linked to the thermodynamic properties of the working fluid (Tchanche et al., 2010b, Andersen & Bruno, 2005). This makes the working fluid selection a critical step in the design process. The present chapter provides an overview of main criteria that should fulfill a good working fluid. A methodology is presented and used in selecting appropriate fluids for a low-temperature solar driven organic Rankine cycle. 4.2 Working Fluids for Rankine Cycles Various kinds of substances can be used as working fluids in Rankine cycles (Tchanche et al., 2009; Calm and Hourahan, 2007; Pridasawas, 2006, Chen et al., 2010). The most common ways of classifying them is by halocarbon numbering system (ASHRAE) or by chemical compounds (IUPAC). Below are summarized main families of potential fluids for organic Rankine cycles and few of them are displayed in Table 4.1. Alcohols: methanol, ethanol Inorganic fluids: Water (R718), Carbon dioxide(R744) and Ammonia (R717) Hydrocarbons (HCs): natural flammable substances able to react with halogens: Propane (R-290), n-Butane (R600), n-Pentane (R601), Benzene, etc. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): all hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule are replaced with chlorine, fluorine or bromine. e.g. R12, R13 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs): partially halogenated hydrocarbons. e.g. R22 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs): partially halogenated and chlorine free HCs. e.g. R134a Perfluorocarbons (PFCs): fully fluorinated HCs. e.g. PP50 Ethers and Hydrofluoroethers (HFEs): eg. HFE7000, RE134, HFE7100 Siloxanes, eg. Octamethyltrisiloxane (MDM), Hexamethyldisiloxane (MM) Mixtures: Azeotropic mixtures: mixtures of two or more compounds possess the same equilibrium vapor and liquid phase compositions at a given pressure. e.g. R500, R502. Zeotropic mixtures: mixtures of two or more compounds that change volumetric composition and saturation temperature as they boil. e.g. R404, R407. Page | 83PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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