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Fluids Water, Ethanol, R11, R123, HFE7100, n-Pentane, iso-Pentane, Benzene, Toluene, p-Xylene Benzene, Toluene, p-Xylene, R113 and R123 31 pure fluids: Alkanes, fluorinated alkanes, ethers, fluorinated ethers Propylene, R227ea, RC318, R236fa, isobutane, R245fa, zeotropic mixtures (propane/ethane) Butylbenzene, Propylbenzene, Ethylbenzene, toluene, OMTS Ammonia, n-Pentane, R123, PF5050 n-pentane, 2-methylbutane, 2,2-dimethylpropane, benzene, toluene Zeotropic mixtures (R245fa/R152a) Hydrofluorocarbons: HFC-23, HFC-143a, HFC- 227ea, HFC-236fa, HFC-245fa R-134a, R-141b, R-13I1, R-7146, R-125 R123, water Hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, amines, esters, ketones, inorganic fluids 68 fluids: refrigerants, hydrocarbons, etc Unconventional fluids: refrigerants and azeotrope mixtures HCFCs, HCs, HFCs and azeotrope mixtures 20 fluids: hydrocarbons, refrigerants, and natural fluids Application(s) Waste heat recovery Waste heat recovery Geothermal Geothermal Biomass CHP Geothermal Solar ORC Solar ORC Refrigeration, ORC Refrigeration, ORC ORC Waste heat recovery ORC Waste heat recovery Waste heat recovery solar Tcs (oC) 30 5-45 30 25 90 30 - 25 - - - 35 40 35-60 - 25 Ths (oC) 200- 300 225- 325 100 80-115 250- 350 70-90 - 85 - - - 157 120 80-110 - 60-100 Criteria Performance Performance Performance Performance Performance Safety, performance Thermal stability Performance Thermal stability Thermal stability Performance Properties, Performance Properties, Performance Properties, performance Properties, performance Properties, performance Selected fluids Benzene, Toluene, R123 p-Xylene (HT) & R113, R123 (LT) R236ea, R600, R245fa, R600a, R245ca, RE143, Propylene, R227ea, R245fa Alkylbenzenes Ammonia n-Pentane 90/10 HFC-227ea ( 400 oC) R125 (396 oC), R134a (368 oC) R123 R123 R113, R11, R114 R123, R124 R125, R134a R134a, R152a, R290, R600, R600a References Liu et al. (2004) Hung (2001) Saleh et al. (2007) Borsukiewicz-Gozdur & Nowak (2007) Drescher and Bruggemann (2007) Hettierachchi et al. (2007) Andersen & Bruno (2005) Wang & Zhao (2009) Angelino & Ivernizzi (2003) Calderazzi & Colonna di Paliano (1997) Yamamoto et al. (2001) Lee et al. (1993) Badr et al. (1985) Maizza & Maizza (2001) Maizza & Maizza (1996) Tchanche et al. (2009) Page | 86 Table 4.2 – Selected papers on working fluids selection in ORCsPDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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