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Fluid specific volumes A good fluid should have low vapor and low liquid specific volumes (Badr et al., 1985). These properties affect the rates of heat transfer in the heat exchangers. The vapor specific volumes relate directly to the size and cost of the expander (Tchanche et al., 2010b). Moreover, a high vapour specific volume leads to larger volumetric flows requiring a multiplicity of exhaust ends of the expander and resulting in significant losses. The specific volume of the liquid at the condenser pressure should be as small as possible to minimize the required feed pump work. Heat transfer properties The heat-transfer properties of the working fluids are of great importance. Desirable properties are: low viscosity, low surface tension, low liquid specific heat, high thermal conductivity and high latent heat of vaporization (Badr et al., 1985; Wali, 1980). The evaporator enthalpy ratio i.e. the ratio of enthalpy of vaporization to the sensible enthalpy required to raise the temperature of the compressed liquid should have a high value. This has the advantage of reducing the amount of heat required for the preheating of the working fluid and allows most heat to be added at relatively higher temperature and the cycle then, can approach more closely the Carnot cycle. Molecular weight The matter of the fluid molecular weight arises when designing the turbine. From various investigations found in literature (Lee et al., 1993; Badr et al., 1985), the following conclusion can be made: for a higher temperature or higher power output level using multi- stage turbines, working fluids with low molecular weight (<90 kg/Mol) are favorable while working fluids with high molecular weight (>90 kg/Mol) are suitable for low power output plants using single-stage turbines. The illustration is given in Table 4.3 which shows the comparison of the turbine isentropic efficiencies for different power levels. Table 4.3 - Comparison of turbine isentropic efficiencies using steam (low molecular weight) and a high molecular weight working fluid (Source: Stine and Geyer, 2001) Turbine isentropic efficiency (%) Power level low Molecular Weight >10 MW 70-80 1-5 MW 50-70 200-500 kW 30-50 10-100 kW 25-50 Thermal stability and fluid compatibility with materials High Molecular Weight 75-80 75-80 75-80 60-75 Thermal stability and fluid compatibility with materials and lubricants are critical parameters. The fluid must have a high thermal stability to provide the desired lifetime and a cost-effective plant. Care should be taken to make sure that the combination fluid/lubricant/material can assure a long lifetime period of the plant. The lubricant can be miscible or immiscible with cycle fluid, but for minimum system complexity miscible oil is Page | 88PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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