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Economics and availability The phase-out of some categories of substances by the International Protocols has stimulated the research on more environmentally friendly fluids. Before considering a fluid as a potential candidate, a market investigation should be done to know if the fluid is market available and cheap. To give an idea of the prices of some fluids, the information in Table 4.6 below was taken from a supplier in Athens, Greece. Table 4.6 - Prices of few fluids (The prices do not include VAT) Fluids FREON 22 DU PONT SUVA 134A DU PONT SUVA 401B DU PONT SUVA 407C DU PONT SUVA 123 DU PONT Environmental criteria Price (Euro/kg) 3.33 6.34 10.85 6.63 11.76 The impact of a substance on the environment is characterized by parameters like ozone depletion potential (abbr. ODP; it is an indicator that measures the ability of a substance to destroy stratospheric ozone molecules. R11 is taken as reference and its ODP is 1), global warming potential (abbr. GWP; it indicates the potency of a substance to warm the planet by acting as a greenhouse gas. This indicator is calculated taking the carbon dioxide (CO2) as reference substance), atmospheric lifetime (abbr. ALT; it is an indication of the average persistence of a substance released into the atmosphere until it decomposes, reacts with other chemicals, or is otherwise removed). Table 4.1 lists environmental data for few fluids. For many countries, it will be difficult to meet the phase-out and the mitigation of non- environmentally friendly substances as scheduled by the International Protocols, the risk being the negative impact on the economy. For the sake of a safe environment, the designers when selecting a working fluid for a particular application should insist on substances for which the ODP, GWP and ALT are as low as possible (Calm and Hourahan, 2007). System performance In the previous subsections, a certain number of criteria that should fulfill a good fluid were listed. However, the most important step remaining is to know how could perform the system using a particular fluid in realistic conditions. The easiest and fastest way is to perform the simulation of the system using a computer program and a database of thermodynamic properties of the fluid. Using the first and second law of thermodynamics, the performance of the system can be evaluated under diverse working conditions. Page | 90PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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