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10 R152a R290 R407C R134a R717 (a) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1500 2000 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 Turbine inlet pressure [kPa] Ethanol R113 R141b R718 R123 (b) 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Turbine inlet pressure [kPa] Figure 4.10 - System total irreversibility rate versus turbine inlet pressure for working fluids with (a) low normal boiling points and (b) high normal boiling points at Tc=35 °C and a heat source temperature of 90 oC. 4.4.2.5 Mass flow rate As can be seen on Table 4.8, water, ethanol and methanol yield lowest maximum pressures and highest enthalpy heat of evaporation ( Δhfg ). This is an advantage for these fluids which will require lower mass flow rates, and hence lower heat input. Ammonia, has a higher evaporating pressure, but yields a low mass flow rate and high heat of vaporization. From Figure 4.11, it can be seen that the system mass flow rate decreases when the turbine inlet temperature increases. For economical reasons, fluids with low mass flow rates like ammonia, ethanol and methanol are interesting especially for large capacity systems. Page | 101 Itot [kW] Itot [kW]PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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