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In Table 4.9 are displayed the following parameters: the temperature of the heat transfer fluid leaving the preheater, pinch points for cold and hot fluids, the mass flow rates and the heat input for five working fluids. Ammonia and methanol have the lowest heat input rates and the lowest working fluid mass flow rates compared with other fluids. The heat input is an important parameter as it determines the size of the solar collector array and the volume of the heat store and hence, the cost of the system. Where we cannot conclude on the heat transfer fluid mass flow rate, we mention that for an efficient plant, low flow rates (10-15 l/m2h) are preferable in the collector loop. Based on the analysis done in this section, from an economic as from a heat transfer point of view, methanol and ammonia are good fluids. Table 4.9 - Pinch analysis for the upper heat exchangers for five different working fluids (2kW power output, heat source temperature: 90 oC) Substance R134a R407C R152a Ammonia Methanol mwf mhtf [°C] [°C] [°C] (kg/s) (kg/s) Quhx (kW) 43.57 45.26 42.92 41.63 41.14 TTT 0,htf pp,htf pp,wf ... 76.14 81 75 70.61 78.5 72.5 77.47 81 75 79 81 75 80.10 81 75 0.244 0.75 0.260 0.56 0.154 0.82 0.037 0.90 0.034 0.99 4.4.2.9 Environmental considerations Some substances, mainly refrigerants, deplete the ozone layer or/and contribute to the global warming. Because of their negative effects, there is a necessity to choose those with less harmful effects on the environment. R12, R113, R114 and R500 cannot be selected owing to their high ODP and high GWP. RC318 has a GWP of about 10250 and is excluded from the selection. Unfortunately, there is a lack of environmental data concerning some substances and this justifies the absence of some fluids in this analysis. There are few substances with low ODP or/and low GWP and these fluids used at present, will be phased-out in a near future. Among these are: R141b, R123, R407, R134a, R407C and R32. Water, ammonia, and alkanes families are environmentally friendly substances. 4.4.2. 10 Safety considerations Safety criteria cannot be omitted. ASHRAE 34 provides a safety classification for fluids. Alkanes non toxic but flammable are class A3. They require safety devices. R152a is classified A2 (lower flammability and non-toxic). R123 is B1 (non-flammable but toxic). Ammonia classified B2 (toxic and has lower flammability limit) could be used in an open space with lesser precaution compared with alkanes. R134a is of class A1 (non- flammable and non-toxic), i.e. safer compared to other refrigerants and therefore is the preferred fluid. Page | 106PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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