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4.4.2. 11 Over-all analysis From the analyses carried out in the previous sections, none of the fluids yields all the desirable properties. All the above mentioned parameters are important for ORC design. It is difficult to find an ideal working fluid which exhibits high efficiencies, low turbine outlet volume flow rate, reasonable pressures, low ODP, low GWP and is non- flammable, non-toxic and non-corrosive. In Table 4.10, a certain number of properties were regrouped. For a value of the parameter favoring the fluid, we put the sign + (plus), – (minus) in the opposite case and +/- when the drawback can be overcome or neglected. The following fluids are not selected: RC318 (high GWP) Cyclohexane (high volume flow rate, high pressure ratio) R407C (high evaporator pressure, low efficiency) R32 (high evaporator pressure, low efficiency, high moisture after expansion) Ethanol, water, methanol (non convenient pressure values, high turbine outlet volume flow rates ) R12, R113, R114 and R500 (high GWP, high ODP) R141b (high turbine outlet volume flow rate, high ODP) Summing, R134a followed by R152a, R290, R600 and R600a emerge as most suitable fluids for low-temperature solar applications with heat source temperature below 90 °C. 4.5 Conclusions In this chapter, various categories of working fluid candidates for organic Rankine cycle applications were listed. From the literature, criteria that should fulfill suitable fluids were underlined and a methodology proposed for fluids selection. Finally, thermodynamic characteristics and performances of different fluids were analyzed for selection as working fluids in a low-temperature solar organic Rankine cycle. Several criteria were used for comparison: pressures, mass and volume flow rates, efficiencies, cycle heat input, safety and environmental data. Fluids favored by the pressure values are: isentropic fluids, Butanes, n-Pentane and refrigerants R152a, RC318 and R500. Low volume flow rates are observed for R32, R134a, R290, R500 and ammonia. High latent heat of vaporization presented by water, methanol, ethanol and ammonia has as consequences low mass flow rate and small heat input, which are advantages over the rest of fluids. From an efficiency point of view, fluids with high boiling point like ammonia, methanol, ethanol and water are very efficient but the presence of droplets during the expansion process is a drawback. Following the International regulations (Kyoto and Montreal Protocols), R12, R500, RC318, R114 and R113 are harmful for the environment. Concluding, R134a, R152a, R600, R600a and R290 are most suitable fluids for low- temperature solar applications driven by heat source temperature below 90 °C. Page | 107PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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