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(2008), Tchanche et al. (2008b), Tchanche et al. (2010) and Dai et al. (2009) can be quoted. Exergy is defined as the maximum work that may be achieved by bringing a system into thermodynamic equilibrium with its environment (Tchanche et al., 2010, Sciubba and Wall, 2007). Every substance not in equilibrium with its environment has some quantity of exergy, while an object or a system that is in equilibrium with its environment has, by definition, zero exergy since it has no ability to produce work with respect to its environment. An exergy analysis is similar to an energy analysis, but takes into account the quality of the energy as well as the quantity. Since it includes a consideration of entropy, exergy analysis allows a system to be analyzed more comprehensively by determining where in the system the exergy is destroyed by internal irreversibilities, and causes of those irreversibilities. For an open system at steady state, the second law can be written as (Çengel and Boles, 2002; Bejan et al., 1996): Π= (1- o )Qi -W+ (mjej )in - (mkek )out (5.1) T iTi j k Where Π represents the exergy destroyed in the system; To is the ambient temperature of the system‘s surroundings, and Qi is the i-th heat transfer rate across the system boundary at a constant temperature Ti . W is the work transfer rate across the system boundary. The mass flow rate of each material flows crossing the system boundary is represented by m and the specific exergy associated with each flow is represented by e. The specific exergy flow, e, is made up of physical exergy (eph ), kinetic exergy (ekn ), potential exergy (ept ) and chemical exergy (ech ). Summing the first three called flow exergy (efl ), the expression below is obtained (Cengel and Boles, 2002; Bejan et al., 1996). efl=h-h-T(s-s)+1 (V2-V2)+g(z-z) (5.2) ooo2oo The symbols h, s, V, z and g refer to the specific enthalpy, specific entropy, flow speed, the elevation above a reference position and the gravitational acceleration, respectively. o refers to the environmental conditions. Effects of kinetic and potential specific exergies represented by third and fourth terms in the right hand of the equation (5.2) are usually neglected as their contribution is very small. The chemical exergy derives from a composition imbalance between a substance and its environment, and accounts in part for a fuel‘s ability to react chemically with its environment. On a molar basis, the chemical exergy of a material flow can be written as follows (Wall, 2009): ech=x(μo-μo )+RTxln(c/c ) (5.3) i i io o i i io ii Where xi is the mole fraction of the substance i in the flow; μoi and ci are the chemical potential and concentration of substance i in its present state; μoio and cio are the chemical potential and concentration of substance i in its environmental state, and R=8.31 kJ/kmol.K, the universal gas constant. Page | 110PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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