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Where Wnet is the net power produced by the system and Qin the total heat input. 5.3.3 Operating conditions The solar system considered is designed to operate at low temperature below 90 °C. In this range of temperature, water as heat carrier is suitable and will not turn into steam and most medium temperature collectors (flat plate, evacuated tube or compound parabolic collectors) can be used. These collectors offer the advantage of low initial and low maintenance costs over parabolic trough collectors. The following operating conditions were set for the organic Rankine engine sub-system: Heat source: hot water is supplied at 85 oC and the pinch point is ∆Tpp=3 °C. Condenser cooling fluid: water supplied at 25 oC. Working fluid: R134a Turbine: pressure ratio, PR=3; power output, Wt=2 kW; isentropic efficiency, ηst=70%; mechanical efficiency, ηmech= 60%. Pumps: isentropic efficiency, ηp= 80%. Feedliquid heater pressure is chosen through the following relation: P =P -1 (P -P ), where P and P are inlet and outlet flh in_exp 2 in_exp out_exp in_exp out_exp pressures of the turbine. Terminal temperature difference, TTD= 3 oC. Effectiveness of the regenerator, ε=0.80. Restricted dead state (ambient conditions): Po=0.1 MPa and To= 25 oC. Along with the operating conditions above set, the following assumptions are made: steady-state conditions, no heat losses and pressure drops in the heat exchangers, and the feedliquid heaters and the mixing units are well insulated. A simulation package EES (Engineering Equation Solver) that contains the thermodynamic properties of a certain number of fluids is used for calculations and evaluation of flow parameters. 5.4Results and discussion From the flow sheet diagrams corresponding to different configurations, the exergy flow graphs with all interconnections were built and displayed on Figures 5.5a-5.5d. Since these flow graphs sufficiently show the interactions between components and directions of flows, there is no interest for drawing the matrixes of incidence. After the execution of equations built in EES, Tables 5.2a-5.2d which show different operating points of the systems and exergy rates were produced. Using the definitions given in Table 5.1 and equations (5.14)-(5.21), performance parameters of components and systems were also calculated and stored in Table 5.3. Page | 118PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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