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Table 5.3 - Thermodynamic characteristics for different configurations Element Pump (I) Evaporator (II) Turbine (III) Condenser (IV) System Pump (I) RHE (II) Evaporator (III) Turbine (IV) Condenser (V) System Pump 2 (I) Evaporator (II) Turbine (III) Condenser (IV) Pump 1 (V) Feedliquid (VI) System Pump 2 (I) Mixing Unit (II) Evaporator (III) Turbine (IV) Condenser (V) Pump 1 (VI) Feedliquid (VII) System i i i i ex (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW) (%) 1-Simple Rankine engine (%) (%) 99.27 1.89 Ein Eout Ea Eu Πi ηi νi βi 10.25 10.17 30.25 28.94 15.35 12.61 10.61 10.51 20.46 16.23 0.38 6.487 4.735 0.749 20.08 0.305 0.075 80.23 5.179 1.308 79.83 2 2.735 42.24 0.641 0.108 85.61 95.68 82.18 98.98 79.34 - 1.62 4.226 8.07 2-Regenerative Heat Exchanger 32.31 23.58 3.731 10.25 10.17 20.78 20.78 30.24 28.9 15.35 12.61 10.62 10.51 20.46 16.19 12.55 12.5 35.87 35.19 17.87 15.14 9.651 9.553 9.143 9.109 12.6 12.3 23.79 19.91 0.3795 0.305 0.01 0.01 6.531 5.186 4.735 2 0.755 0.646 20.08 1.62 3-Open Feedliquid 0.075 80.23 0.000 100 1.345 79.41 2.735 42.24 0.109 85.60 4.264 8.07 0.045 81.79 0.68 88.76 2.724 42.33 0.098 85.61 0.034 80.3 0.299 97.63 3.88 6.77 0.008 81.79 0.001 100 0.731 88.04 2.726 42.32 0.099 85.61 0.07 80.23 0.283 58.75 3.92 7.0 99.27 1.89 100 0.05 95.55 82.18 98.98 3.76 79.16 - 99.64 1.05 32.53 23.58 0.245 6.045 4.724 0.681 0.173 12.6 23.37 0.200 5.365 2 0.583 0.139 12.3 1.538 98.11 84.75 98.98 2.91 99.63 0.74 25.87 20.22 4-Closed Feedliquid 53.91 99.64 0.20 97.63 83.69 - 2.355 2.347 0.046 12.13 12.13 12.13 35.03 34.3 6.113 17.51 14.78 4.726 9.788 9.689 0.69 9.448 9.378 0.35 12.37 12.09 0.685 23.3 19.38 22.9 0.038 12.13 5.382 2 0.591 0.281 0.402 1.604 100 97.91 84.43 98.98 3.02 99.27 1.53 97.72 2.99 83.18 - 52.95 26.69 20.63 5.4.1 Rankine engines with R134a as working fluid 5.4.1.1 Configuration 1- simple Rankine engine In the simple Rankine engine, only four components are considered: expander, evaporator, pump and condenser. As can be seen in Table 5.3, the highest exergy loss occurs in the expander: 2.74 kW which represents 64% of the total exergy destroyed in the system as shown by the exergy loss distribution (Figure 5.6a). The direct consequence is the low exergy efficiency, 42.24% and low degree of thermodynamic perfection, 82.18%. The poor performance of the expander is due to the irreversibilities during the expansion process. The evaporator is the most critical component with a degree of influence of 32.31%, followed by the expander 23.58%. This simple engine consumes 4.23 kW exergy and, exergy efficiency and degree of thermodynamic perfection are 8% and 79.34%, respectively. Page | 123PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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