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5.4.2 Rankine engines and working fluids In this section, different Rankine engine configurations are compared using different parameters: thermal efficiency, exergetic efficiency and degree of thermodynamic perfection. The thermal efficiency indicates how the energy conversion takes place in the system. The exergetic efficiency is the ratio between the exergy gained (useful exergy) and the exergy input (contained in the hot water supplied at the evaporator inlet). The degree of thermodynamic perfection shows how the exergy input is transformed by the system i.e. exergy destruction level; thus it is a suitable indicator for entropy generation minimization. In Figure 5.7, performances of different fluids in different configurations are displayed. From an energy point of view, the regenerative heat exchanger allows better energy conversion for dry fluids ( R245fa, R600) while the closed feedliquid is suitable for the isentropic one: R134a (Figure 5.7a). The exergetic efficiency is highest for all three fluids in the simple Rankine engine as can be seen in Figure 5.7b. Figure 5.7c shows the engine with the open feedliquid heater as the configuration with the highest degree of thermodynamic perfection. Seeking for the best fluid in the best configuration, the energy efficiency is higher for R600 in configuration 2 and the degree of thermodynamic perfection is higher for R600 in configuration 3; while the exergetic efficiency is higher for R134a in configuration 1. The incorporation of the heat exchanger for R600 leads to an increase of 7% in the energy efficiency in comparison to the simple Rankine; which is not significant. For the same fluid the incorporation of the feedliquid heater and second pump lead to an increase in the degree of thermodynamic perfection of 3.5%, comparison made with the simple Rankine engine. Although, different modifications give better energy conversion and less exergy destroyed, the improvements are not significant enough and could not probably be cost-effective. Therefore, for heat source temperature below 100 oC, the simple Rankine cycle should be adopted for easy manufacturing process and cost effectiveness. Page | 126PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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