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7 - Economic Evaluation and Optimization of Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles in Heat Recovery Application 7.1 Introduction The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) appears progressively as a promising solution to recover waste heat from thermal processes for electricity generation. At the University of Liège, Belgium, a prototype of small-scale ORC has been built and successfully tested as reported in the previous chapter. It uses R123, R245fa and HFE7000 as working fluid, and an oil-free scroll compressor adapted to run in expander mode. The promising results obtained demonstrated the technical feasibility of the system. A further and necessary step is the economic analysis of the system in order to evaluate its economical profitability. Thus, the present chapter aims at studying the profitability of small ORCs in waste heat recovery application (Tchanche et al., 2010a & 2010b). First, a pre-design model of the ORC is proposed and simulations are run with different working fluids candidates to select the most suitable ones. In a second step, economic evaluation is carried out for a system operating with the best suited fluid. Finally, economic optimization of small ORCs operating with different fluids is done considering the specific installation cost as objective function. The working fluids considered for the comparison are: R245fa, R113, R123, n-Pentane, and n-Butane. 7.2 ORC in heat recovery application The simple ORC system integrates four basic components: an evaporator, a turbine/alternator group, a condenser and a working fluid pump. Although many studies conclude that the introduction of regenerating processes (recuperator, feedliquid heater) increase the efficiency of the Rankine Cycle, it was shown that this is not justified in waste heat to power application for which the power output should be maximized instead of cycle efficiency (Quoilin and Lemort, 2009). The basic configuration is therefore selected. A heat source is needed to drive an ORC. Two ways exist to capture the wasted heat: (1) waste heat source and working fluid exchange in the same heat exchanger and (2) a thermal oil loop is integrated to transfer the heat from the waste heat site to the evaporator. The configuration illustrated in Figure 7.1 corresponding to the first case is considered in the present study. Depending upon the condensing pressure, the hot water at the condenser outlet can be used for space heating or as domestic hot water. In some cases, dry cooling can be applied at the condenser to save the water resources. The electricity produced is used on-site or fed to the grid as in case of renewable energy systems (solar PV, wind turbine, biomass or geothermal power plants). Page | 165PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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