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Expander-Generator G To the grid Water pump Figure 7.1 - ORC in waste heat recovery application 1 Vapor generator Condenser 43 2 7.3 Fluid candidates Fluids ρliq,wf Tb (oC) (kg/m3) R-245fa 1352 15.3 R-123 1476.6 27.8 R-113 1574.9 47.6 R-600 625.7 -0.5 R-601 578.6 36.1 Tc (oC) Pc (bar) 154.1 36.4 183.7 36.68 214.1 34.39 152 37.96 196.5 33.64 ASHRA E 34 B1 B1 A1 A3 A3 GWP ODP UPwf (€/kg) 820 0 32 77 0.02 15 6130 1 25 0 0 1.7 0 0 1.7 Hot exhaust gas Fluid pump Selection of the most suitable working fluid is a critical step when designing an ORC. From numerous studies related to the selection of fluids for ORC-WHR, a certain number of criteria that should fulfill suitable fluids can be outlined (Badr et al. 1985; Tchanche et al., 2008a; Papadopoulos et al., 2010). Fluids with high critical temperature or high boiling point such as toluene and silicone oils are adapted for high temperature heat sources. Hydrocarbons such as Pentanes, benzene, butanes and cryogens such as R227ea, R123, R245fa, and HFE7000 are good candidates for moderate and low temperatures (Tchanche et al., 2010a, Dai et al., 2009). Zeotropic mixtures were suggested for best matching with exhaust stream which leads to better operation of the heat exchangers and resource recovery. Fluids with a high vapour density are advisable as they allow reduction of vapour turbine size and heat exchangers area. Presently, only few working fluids are available on the market and some are being progressively phased out because of their harmful effects on the environment (high ODP) reducing the range of choice. In absence of specially designed ORC fluids, any fluid used in other thermal processes as engineering fluids is welcome. Hence, there is a need to start designing specific fluids for ORCs as ORCs will become an important technology for harnessing low grade heat in the next future. Nevertheless, some of fluids present on the market are giving satisfactory results. A quick screening of several potential fluids was done and those listed in Table 7.1 emerged as suitable and will be considered in the present study. Table 7.1 - List of considered working fluids Page | 166PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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