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Figure 7.8 shows the evolution of the recuperation efficiency, cycle thermal efficiency and global efficiency. The recuperation efficiency decreases linearly as the evaporator pressure increases. The global efficiency has the same trend as the cycle efficiency. Nevertheless, they reach maximum values at different pressure values. Figure 7.8 shows that the global efficiency has a maximum value of 5.52% at 11.84 bar and has the same evolution as the net power output (Figure 7.7). 100 10 90 9 80 8 70 7 60 6 50 5 40 4 30 3 20 2 10 1 00 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920 Pevap [bar] Figure 7.8 - Cycle, recuperation and global efficiency 7.5.2 Fluids comparison Most criteria that should fulfill suitable working fluids in ORCs were established in Chapter 4. These are: adequate critical parameters, high liquid and vapour densities, good thermal stability and compatibility with materials, appreciable safety characteristics, market availability and low cost, good thermodynamic performance and low environmental impact. Fluids in Table 7.1 will be considered further. The critical parameters for all fluids are suitable for subcritical cycles with the temperature of the heat source used. The thermal stability is not questionable for the considered fluids since the evaporating temperature does not exceed 200 oC. From compatibility point of view, only R123 is questionable as its corrosiveness has been reported. This can be solved by good selection of materials. All fluids proposed are available on the market with different prices as displayed in Table 7.1. Hydrocarbons are abundant at very cheap prices. Among the fluids proposed, R113 has a high ODP (1) and a high GWP (6130) and is phased-out in developed countries. N-Pentane and n-Butane raise the issue of flammability. Nevertheless, they can be considered as low risks substances as they are becoming familiar in domestic appliances. R245fa and R123 are toxic substances requiring special attention from the operator during manipulation. Performance parameters of ORCs associated with different fluids after power output maximization are displayed in Table 7.2. The evaporating pressures recorded are well below the maximum acceptable limit of 25 bar. Both R245fa and n-Butane yield higher c c y ycle g g l l o obal r r Page | 172 r[%] cycle, global [%]PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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