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8 - Conclusions and Perspectives 8.1 Conclusions The interest for low grade heat recovery has been growing in recent years, due to the increasing concern over the future fossil fuels depletion and the climate change. A certain number of solutions have been proposed to transform the low temperature resource into electricity. Among the proposed solutions, the organic Rankine cycle technology appears as the most promising. An organic Rankine cycle machine is based on the same principle as a steam power plant but uses an organic compound as working fluid instead of steam and operates at lower evaporating pressure leading to an important advantage of building small size systems. Today, organic Rankine cycle modules are commercially available from various manufacturers who produce systems with power output from hundreds of kW up to MW. However, solutions are still researched for small organic Rankine cycle machines of few kW. Selection of the most suitable working fluid is a critical step when designing an organic Rankine cycle. A certain number of criteria that should fulfill suitable fluids were established in this thesis. These are: adequate critical parameters, high liquid and vapour densities, good thermal stability and compatibility with materials, appreciable safety characteristics, market availability and low cost, good thermodynamic performance and low environmental impact. Fluids with low boiling point such as R134a, R152a, R600, R600a and R290 are suitable for low-temperature solar applications driven by heat source temperature below 100 °C. Pentanes, butanes and cryogens such as R123, R245fa, and HFE7000 are good candidates for low-temperature heat recovery applications. A number of studies available in literature show that regenerators or feedliquid heaters improve the Rankine cycle efficiency. However, considering the extent of the influence of these devices on the organic Rankine cycles, the necessity is questionable. An advanced thermodynamic analysis method called exergy topology analysis was used in view of comparing different cycle configurations. Results showed that the integration of different devices is not significantly rewarded. Therefore, it is preferable to keep the simple organic Rankine cycle engine when designing a system such as the small scale ORC-RO desalination system driven by low-temperature heat below 100 °C. The analysis of a small solar ORC led to the conclusion that the solar collector array is the most critical component. It yields the lowest exergy efficiency due to poor optical performances. The structural exergy analysis approach proved it can serve not only as evaluation tool, but also as decision support tool. Experimental investigation of a small organic Rankine cycle in heat recovery application with integrated scroll type expander and the hydrofluoroether HFE7000 as working fluid gave a cycle global efficiency of about 4% and cycle exergetic efficiency of 13%. The maximum shaft power obtained was 1371 W. Comparison with previous tests shows that the expander has a maximum efficiency of about 70%. R123, R245fa and HFE7000 in similar conditions give close results with slight advantage to R245fa. The economic evaluation study showed that the organic Rankine cycle is a promising technology for small scale waste heat recovery applications. The minimum cost at which Page | 187PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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