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electricity should be sold is about 13.27 c€/kWh for very small systems of about 2 kWe. This value could be reduced, below 5 c€/kWh for medium and large size systems. Using a pre-design thermo-economic model the mismatch between the optimal technical point and the minimum specific cost was demonstrated. This mismatch is due to thermodynamic properties such as liquid/gas densities, which significantly influence system performance and components sizes. Given the advantages of recycling the waste heat energy, in comparison with renewable energy technologies, it is believed there is good prospect for organic Rankine cycle machines in waste heat recovery application. 8.2 Suggested future work Small size organic Rankine cycle machines of few kW power output before they become widely implemented require further development in many aspects. The utilization of solar collectors as heat source is a real challenge. First, they should be well selected among various types: Flat plate (FPC), evacuated tube (ETC), compound parabolic (CPC) and parabolic through (PTC) and the operating temperature suitably set to increase the system performance. The control is important in order to offset the fluctuations of the solar radiation, insure the dispatchability of the system and keep small superheating that will avoid a two-phase expansion in the expanders. For the specific case of a small solar ORC-RO, the working fluids selected R134a and R152a possess a drawback: a high evaporating pressure. This leads to a bulky system while a very small and compact system is desired for further competition with PV-RO. Alkanes: butane and pentane present lower evaporating pressure but are flammable. Thus, it is important to look for fluids non flammable with a condensing pressure above 1 bar and an evaporating pressure of about 10 bar. Although, organic Rankine cycles in heat recovery application have been for quite a long time investigated, they are not yet widely implemented. As the technology for small systems is becoming progressively mastered, trials should be carried out for demonstration. On the way to its implementation, legislative conditions should be studied as it could contribute to additional power generation and fuel efficiency at the time the concern is growing over the global warming and the future energy shortage. Page | 188PDF Image | Low-Grade Heat Conversion into Power Using Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycles
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