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3.2.2 Maintenance The maintenance cost was assumed to be the same as for the Waikite Hot Springs case study, at 5.8% of the embodied energy cost. 3.2.3. Transportation of plant The transportation cost of the plant to the site was assumed to be the same 17.3 GJ requirement multiplied by 1.79 to account for the heavier weight of the plant. This gave a transportation cost of 31.0 GJ. 3.2.4. Energy transfer system to user The transport of geothermal water from the well to the plant required 914 m of 8” HDPE pipe to be installed. The well was cased to a depth of 137 m. The reinjection well is located near the power plant building and did not require significant piping. In order to transport cold water to the once-through condenser, 820 m of 16” steel piping was required. All the piping used the Chena project was recycled or reused from other projects in Alaska (Holdman, 2007). As the Chena system is required to be stand-alone, the inclusion of a 3MW uninterruptable power supply (UPS) battery system was necessary to supply a consistent voltage. Some modification had to be made to the marginal power distribution structure in order to support the binary power generation modules. 3.2.5. Embodied energy in plant and groundwork The Chena plant required extensive groundwork, as it was built in an undeveloped location. The specific cost of this component is not included in the data gathered, so this was included in the overall embodied energy calculation. Most of the surrounding geothermal resource had undergone extensive mapping prior to project commencement. The cost of this prior mapping was not included in the analysis. The overall project expenses totaled $2,007,770 USD (Holdman, 2007). In the Waikite study, 85.5% of the total project cost was attributable to energy related expenses (i.e. excluding consultation and planning). Using this same figure for Chena, the energy related price becomes $1,716,643 USD. By using an energy intensity of 13.6 MJ/$US (Dec. 2006), converted using the consumer price index, the embodied energy for the plant and groundwork was estimated at 23,271 GJ. 3.3 EROI of Chena Table 4) Calculated EROI3,i for Chena hot springs geothermal plant. 4. ANALYSIS Figure 4) EROI calculated for Chena and the Proposed Waikite plant. The vertical line shows the expected twenty year lifetime of the Waikite plant. Figure (4) shows that the EROI of Chena is less than that of Waikite at all stages throughout its lifetime. This is attributable to Chena having a larger initial energy cost, as the surrounding exploration and infrastructure requirements are significant for the Chena power plant, yet negligible for Waikite. The smaller EROI of Chena contrasts with how it has been successfully built, while no further investment has taken place into power generation at Waikite. Chena is isolated from the main grid in Alaska, and so a distributed power solution was necessary, whereas cheap grid electricity is readily available at Waikite. The energy payback period is the time it takes for the EROI to reach a value of one. An energy transformation system will become net energy producers after this time period. The payback period is 1.5 years for Waikite and 2.5 for Chena. Figure (4) shows that EROI of the two plants most quickly increases during the first years of operation, and grows slower when ongoing maintenance becomes a large proportion of the overall energy cost. If these binary geothermal plants were to continue operation a further twenty years past their expected lifetime, the EROI of Waikite will increase by a further 2.0, while Chena will only increase its EROI by 1.2. A comparison of the EROI of major electricity resources with the magnitude of their use is shown in Figure (5). Year Output (GJ) 1 11789 10 117891 20 235782 30 353672 40 471564 Input (GJ) EROI 24881 0.5 39082 3.0 54868 4.3 70654 5.0 86440 5.5 35th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop: 2013 Proceedings 17 – 20 November 2013 Rotorua, New ZealandPDF Image | LOW-TEMPERATURE HEAT SOURCES USING ORC
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