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Sylvain Quoilin Chapter 2 : Low temperature heat recovery 2.1.1 Improvements to the cycle : The two main improvements usually brought to the Rankine cycle are the following : − Regeneration : The vapor in the turbine is used to preheat the fluid at the exhaust of the pump in order to spend less energy in the boiler. − Reheating during the expansion : the expansion is fractioned and the fluid is reheated, which permits keeping a high supply temperature before each expansion. 2.1.2 Real cycle : The effect of the irreversibilities in the cycle is a reduction of cycle efficiency and of useful work output. The main irreversibilities are : − Losses in the pump and in the expander (friction, leakage, etc.) − Pressure drops in the heat exchangers − Inefficiencies in the heat exchangers The pressure drops and the inefficiencies in the heat exchangers lower with the size of the exchanger, but increase in the same process the cost and the size of the facility. 2.2 The low temperature Rankine cycle : The usual working fluid for Rankine cycles is water under pressure. In the case of a low temperature Rankine cycle, the boiling temperature is much lower, and the water/steam working fluid is not appropriate because of its low efficiency under these conditions. Water also shows a high vaporization specific volume that imposes larger installations. This leads to the use of refrigerants or hydrocarbons as working fluid. The physical properties of the working fluid are of key importance and influence the whole behavior of the cycle. A detailed analysis of the different working fluids is performed in section 2.4. Various configurations are conceivable for the Rankine cycle, depending of the nature of the heat source and of the conditions in which the heat recovery is performed. 11PDF Image | Modeling of a Low Temperature Rankine Cycle for Small Scale Cogen
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