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Sylvain Quoilin Chapter 2 : Low temperature heat recovery isentropic expansion and fits very well the cycle. In the case of negative slope saturation curve (R22 in figure 3), the fluid becomes saturated before the end of the expansion, which is not optimal because the condensate imposes a threat of damage to the expander. In the case of a positive slope saturation curve (isopentane in figure 3). The fluid has to be cooled down at the exhaust of the expander before entering the twophase state. This can be done by the use of a regenerator between the exhaust of the pump and the exhaust of the expander. ● Low freezing point, high stability temperature Unlike water, organic fluids usually suffer chemical deteriorations and decomposition at high temperatures. The maximum hot source temperature is thus limited by the chemical stability of the working fluid. The freezing point has to be lower than the lowest temperature in the cycle. ● High heat of vaporisation and density A fluid with a high latent heat and density will absorb more energy from the source in the evaporator and thus reduce the required flow rate, the size of the facility, and the pump consumption. ● Low environmental impact The main parameters are the « Ozone depleting potential » (ODP) and « greenhouse warming potential » (GWP). ● Safety The fluid has to be noncorrosive, nonflammable, and nontoxic. Depending on the location of the facility, this parameter can be of very high importance (e.g. an ammonia cycle will not be installed in a dwelling without any precaution). The ASHRAE safety classification of the refrigerant is a good indicator of the dangerousness level of the fluid. ● Good availability and low cost Traditional refrigerants used in ORC are expensive. This cost could be reduced by a more massive production of those refrigerants, or by the use of lowcost hydrocarbons. ● Acceptable pressures Very high pressures have a negative impact on the reliability of the cycle. They lead to the need of more resistant and more expensive facilities. 15PDF Image | Modeling of a Low Temperature Rankine Cycle for Small Scale Cogen
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