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Sylvain Quoilin Chapter 2 : Low temperature heat recovery Working fluid Slope of saturation vapor line Critical point Vaporization heat at 1 atm. [Kj/kg] Boiling temperature at 1 atm. Safety Water Wet R11 Isentropic R22 Wet R113 Dry R123 Isentropic R134a Wet R245fa Isentropic R601 (npentane) Dry R601a (isopentane) Dry C6H6 (benzene) Dry C7H8 (Toluene) Dry C8H10 (pxylene) Dry 374°C – 220 bar 198°C – 44.1 bar 96.1°C – 49.9 bar 214°C – 34.4 bar 184°C – 36.7 bar 101°C – 40.6 bar 154°C – 36.4 bar 196°C – 33.6 bar 187°C – 33.7 bar 289°C – 49 bar 319°C – 41 bar 343°C – 35 bar 2258 100°C 180.4 23.5°C 232.7 41.1°C 143.9 47.8°C 171.5 27.7°C 217.2 26.4°C 197.5 14.6°C 358.7 35.5°C 342.8 27.5°C 395.4 79.8°C 362.5 110.4°C 339.9 66.65°C Nonflammable Nonflammable Nonflammable Nonflammable Nonflammable Nonflammable Nonflammable Flammable Flammable Flammable Flammable Flammable Table 2: Thermodynamic properties of a few working fluids The working fluids remaining from this first selection are : R123, R245fa, npentane and isopentane. Each of them has its advantages and drawbacks : R123 and R245fa are nonflammable and isentropic, while npentane and isopentane have a higher vaporization heat, a lower GWP, and a much lower cost. R123 also has the drawback of a nonnull ODP and will be forbidden in 2030. The main parameter to take into account is the efficiency of the cycle with each one of those fluids. Several simulations performed with different working fluids are proposed in the literature and give an idea of their potential efficiencies : ● Liu et al [Liu, 2002] performed a simulation on an ORC with various working fluids for a hot temperature of 150°C and a cold temperature of 30°C. It turned out in this simulation that R 123 had a slightly better efficiency than isopentane. R245fa and npentane were not taken into account in that study. ● V. Lemort [2007] compared three working fluids on an ORC application (hot side temperature : 130°C ; cold side temperature : 30°C). The 3 working fluids were R123, R245fa, R134a and npentane. The calculated efficiencies were respectively : 9.71, 9.3, 7.86 and 9.74 %. ● H.D. Madhawa [Hettiarachchia, 2007], simulated a geothermal ORC with a hot source temperature of 70 to 90°C, a temperature difference ranging from 40 to 60 degrees and various working fluids. Among those working fluids, R123 and npentane outperformed the other fluids (ammonia and PF5050) with a higher efficiency of 9.8 and 9.9 % respectively. 17PDF Image | Modeling of a Low Temperature Rankine Cycle for Small Scale Cogen
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