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Sylvain Quoilin Chapter 2 : Low temperature heat recovery 2.5 Other solutions for heat recovery : The ORC is not the only conceivable possibility to recover low grade heat. Some technologies are available and show good efficiencies, some other technologies are still under development but seem promising. Among those technologies, the most interesting ones are the following : ● The waterammonia cycle. This cycle uses a mixture of water and ammonia as working fluid. It has a nonazeotropic temperature profile in the heat exchangers, which improves the heat transfer. It turns out to have a better efficiency than the ORC in some conditions, but its design is more complex and comprises two pumps and more heat exchangers. ● The supercritical CO2 cycle. The working fluid is carbon dioxide. The heat source temperature is above the critical temperature, which avoids the pinch point limitation in the evaporator. This cycle also shows a good efficiency, the drawback coming from the very high pressure, and from the increase of the installation cost. ● The Stirling and the Ericsson cycles have a very good theoretical efficiency. The number of their practical applications is however limited, since they require highly efficient heat transfers in the regenerator and at the heat source/sink level. ● The thermoelectric generator. It is composed of modules associated in series, generating electricity, thanks to the Seebeck effect. It shows a lower efficiency compared to the above cycles, but has a high potential of improvement and could turn out to become economically satisfactory in the future. It is also quite simple, with no moving parts, and might thus have a better durability. A complete description of the working principles concerning those technologies is proposed in appendix 1. In this work, the Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is preferred to those technologies, because of its simplicity and its limited number of components, all of them being very common and commercially available. 18PDF Image | Modeling of a Low Temperature Rankine Cycle for Small Scale Cogen
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