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Sylvain Quoilin Conclusion 7 Conclusion The first part of this works presents the different solutions for low grade heat recovery. Among them, the Organic Rankine Cycle shows advantageous properties, namely its simplicity and good efficiency. A few distinct working fluids are compared together and their ideal properties are determined : vertical saturation curve, high critical temperature, good thermal properties, high heat of vaporization, safety, and environmental impacts are the key characteristics for the working fluid selection. R123 turns out to be one of the best adapted fluids for a hot source temperature between 100 and 200°C and is selected for the test bench set up in the laboratory. The test bench is then described, with all its components and their working principle. The selection of a scroll compressor for the test bench is justified by the better behavior of the volumetric expanders in small scale units and by it robustness even under twophase flow conditions. The 3 sets of tests carried out on the cycle are described. The motivations for each set of tests are explained and the results are presented. The experience acquired during each series of test is used to improve the test bench for the next tests. The two first set of tests show very high measurement uncertainties, mainly due to the lack of flow meter in the circuit. Refrigerant losses are also detected and their negative influence on the output power is stated. In the third set of tests, the test bench is insulated, the refrigerant charge is controlled and modified, and much higher efficiencies and output powers are obtained. The measurement uncertainties are also reduced, facilitating the modeling of the cycle. The models proposed for each component of the cycle are described. The reasons for the eventual bad prevision of the measured values are explained. Their evolution is also described, and the necessity of developing more complex models is justified. Those models are validated on the measurements of the first, second and/or third set of tests. The model of the expander shows a very good agreement between the predicted and measured value. The necessity of adding a pressure drop to the model is highlighted. The first model of the evaporator is valid only if the refrigerant charge is not modified. As a model taking into account the refrigerant charge is a very complex task, a correlation is identified to predict the exhaust temperature of the evaporator. Despite the improvements performed on the condenser model, the latter shows bad results and predicts the low pressure of the cycle with a high error level. This is explained by an asymmetry in the condenser assembly, modifying its behavior. 112PDF Image | Modeling of a Low Temperature Rankine Cycle for Small Scale Cogen
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