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Sylvain Quoilin Appendix 1 : Other solutions for low grade heat recovery This cycle, in its basic configuration, is composed of two pumps and two condensers. The NH3/H20 weight ratio varies through the cycle : In order to have a low evaporating pressure, the concentration of ammonia in the evaporator has to be relatively high. The mixture passing though the evaporator at such concentration is called the working mixture. The working mixture is then expanded and has to be condensed. Due to its high NH3 concentration, the condensation is not possible at the usual cooling fluid temperatures and at the expander exhaust pressure. It is hence necessary to reduce the NH3 concentration. This is done by mixing the working mixture with an NH3lean solution to obtain the socalled basic mixture. This basic mixture is condensed, and pressurized with the LP pump. To recover the working mixture from the basic mixture, the latter has to be reenriched. This is done by mixing it with NH3enriched vapor. The new working mixture is next condensed a second time (at a higher pressure) and then pressurized to return to the beginning of the loop. In order to obtain the NH3lean solution and the NH3 enriched vapor, a part of the basic mixture is tapped after the LP pump and passes through the reheater to reach the twophase state (point 2 in figure 63). In the separator, the waterenriched solution (NH3lean solution) and the waterlean vapor (NH3enriched vapor) are separated and sent back to their respective mixing valves. Several configurations can be conceived for this cycle : various heat sources can be used, heat exchangers can be multiplied, with one or various separators, etc. The main drawback of the Kalina cycle is the multiplication of the components : at least four heat exchangers are required, as well as two pumps and one separator. This increases the weight and the size of the facility and hence makes it more difficult to incorporate in mobile applications (e.g. vehicles). The cost increases as well with the number of components. Another nonnegligible drawback is the high toxicity of ammonia. The system has to be highly secured, in order to avoid any risk of leakage. 120PDF Image | Modeling of a Low Temperature Rankine Cycle for Small Scale Cogen
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