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Sylvain Quoilin Appendix 1 : Other solutions for low grade heat recovery The main components of the Stirling engine are : ● Power piston : Performs the compression and the expansion of the working fluid ● Displacer piston : Its role is to interrupt the influence of the hot source or that of the heat sink ● Regenerator : stores the heat when the working fluid moves down and resituates it when it moves up. ● Hot side heat exchanger : Heat source of the cycle, continuously heated ( T h ) ● Cold side heat exchanger : Heat sink of the cycle, continuously cooled ( T c ) The Stirling engine is characterised by a working fluid totally isolated from its environment. This working fluid is usually hydrogen because of its low viscosity, good specific heat and high thermal conductivity, but can be replaced with helium, which has the advantage of being inert (not explosive) and doesn't diffuse though the metallic shell of the engine. Real cycle : The Stirling cycle is difficult to achieve in practise becauseit involves reversible heat transfer in all the components, including the regenerator. This would require providing an infinitely large heat exchange area and infinite heat transfer time. Because of the inefficiencies, Stirling cycles have been of only theoretical interest for a long time. Nowadays, there is a new interest in this cycle, with some applications already commercialized. Applications : ● Stirling cycle can be used for small scale cogeneration. For example, WhisperGen, a New Zealand firm, develops an "AC Micro Combined Heat and Power" Stirling cycle engine. These microCHP units are gasfired central heating boilers which sell power back into the electricity grid. ● Concentrating solar power : Stirling engines have been used in various « dish solar collectors », the engine being situated at the focus of the parabolic dish. ● Other applications such as geothermal energy recovery, cryogenic applications, heat pumping are envisaged but not yet commercially available. 122PDF Image | Modeling of a Low Temperature Rankine Cycle for Small Scale Cogen
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