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Sylvain Quoilin Appendix 1 : Other solutions for low grade heat recovery 5. The Thermoelectric effect. The thermoelectric effect, also called the Seebeck effect, is the direct conversion of heat energy into electric energy. When a semiconductor is submitted to a temperature gradient, heat flows though it and puts in motion the charge carriers : the holes for the ptype and the electrons for the ntype run in the opposite direction, to create an entropy flux opposed to the one created by the heat flux. The current in the n type semiconductor is hence in the same direction than the heat flux, and in the opposite direction for the ptype. Therefore, connecting the semiconductors as indicated on figure 70 is equivalent to connecting a set of current generators in series. Figure 70: Working principle of the thermoelectric generator The thermoelectric effect is characterised by the Seebeck coefficient, which formulates the electromagnetic force between two different materials submitted to a temperature gradient : The performances of the thermoelectric conversion from heat to electricity are expressed by a non dimensional coefficient ZT called figureofmerit. The first thermoelectric materials had a figureof merit of about 1 to 1.5. Nowadays, the usual values run from 2 to 3 and researchers hope to reach ZT=4 in a close future. Sab=dV=Sa−Sb dT 124PDF Image | Modeling of a Low Temperature Rankine Cycle for Small Scale Cogen
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