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motion within the fixed scroll. The phase difference between the two scrolls is maintained using an anti-rotation device, typically an Oldham coupling (Copeland corp., 2001). The fluid flow path within a scroll compressor or expander is described by Figure 4.4. As the rotating scroll orbits about the fixed scroll, the outer periphery forms a line of contact with the fixed scroll, capturing a crescent shaped volume of gas (step 1). The gas is forced toward the center discharge port in steps 2 thru 5 and compressed due to the decreasing volume of the crescents. Figure 4.4 Flow path of a single fluid pocket through a scroll compressor (Adapted from Gravesen and Henriksen, 2001) Because several of these gas pockets are being compressed simultaneously, as depicted in step 6, torque pulsation common with other positive-displacement machines is low. Scroll compressors have been widely adopted by the HVAC industry because of the advantages they offer, including: simplistic design (i.e. fewer moving parts), low friction, low torque pulsation, and compliance. Because of their unique geometry, scrolls do not require valves or valve actuators; furthermore, there are no linkages or sliding vanes. The relative rolling motion of the contact points offers less resistance than sliding friction. Additionally, the rolling contacts provide a seal such that large volumes of oil used as a sealant are not required and leakage is reduced (Copeland corp., 2001). Continual compression process of the scroll results in a smoother power output and consequently less noise and vibration than piston-type devices. Compliance mechanisms balance the dynamic pressure and centrifugal forces in order to maintain proper sealing. These loading mechanisms correct tolerances as the scroll surfaces wear and allow the scroll elements to separate slightly in the axial or radial directions in response to a sudden pressure spike (axial compliance) or the presence of small amounts of debris or liquid (radial compliance). Taken together, these attributes contribute to the fact that scroll compressors typically have 10% higher mechanical efficiencies than comparably sized piston compressors (Wells, 2000) and less leakage than other compressors in its class (Schein and Radermacher, 2001). The literature suggests the potential use of a scroll compressor as a high efficiency expander (Wells, 2000). Copeland® compressors have been used successfully as expanders with R-134A and R-245FA refrigerants as the working fluid. Efficiencies over 70% were demonstrated when operated with pressure ratios between three and five (Warner, Wayne – Copeland Corporation, Personal Conversation, 10 May 2004). Scroll expanders have also been utilized in an organic Rankine micro combined heat and power system patented by Yates et al. in 2002 (US Patent and Trademark Office, 2002). 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Ammonia-water Combined Cycle The ammonia-water combined cycle was analyzed for a fixed power output to observe the impact of expander efficiency on the heat and work requirements as well as the cooling capacity. The simulation was run under the assumptions listed previously while varying the expander isentropic efficiency from 10 to 100% in 10% increments. Results of the simulation are given in Figures 5.1 thru 5.5. The ammonia vapor mass flow rate required to drive the expander and produce 5kW of electricity is a function of only the exhaust enthalpy at state 8; since the power output and specified temperatures and pressures are held constant. From the definition of isentropic efficiency, the vapor mass flow scales with 1/ηe. The weak and strong solution flow ratesfollowasimilartrendasshowninFigure5.1asthey are related to the vapor flow by a constant ratio of the ammonia mass fractions. Figure 5.1Mass flow rate dependence on expander efficiency The maximum mass flows for the vapor, weak, and strong solutions occur at the lowest efficiency (10%) and are: 3586.34 lbm/hr (0.4519 kg/s), 72037.7 lbm/hrPDF Image | Optimization of a Scroll Expander Applied to an Ammonia/Water Combined Cycle System for Hydrogen Production - Paper No. 1645
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