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approximation of constant temperature (ideal gas). The warmer air mixes with the cold air, from which work was extracted, within the scroll housing effectively raising its temperature prior to the measurement location. Furthermore, heat is exchanged from the surroundings to the fluid through the exit port fittings. This temperature rise causes an erroneous calculation of the exit enthalpy and thus the isentropic efficiency. However, trends may still be observed to determine where the point of maximum efficiency occurs. The exit temperature variation with rotational speed is shown in Figure 5.11. The points of minimum exit temperature coincide with those of maximum power output as expected from the First Law of Thermodynamics. Figure 5.10 Volumetric efficiency variation with expander rotational speed Figure 5.11 Expander exit temperature and rotational speed relationship lbm/ft3 at STP whereas the density of air at STP is .07298 lbm/ft3; nearly 3.6 times lower than R-134A, and the density of ammonia is 0.04333 lbm/ft3; 1.6 times lower than air. The performance of the expander with ammonia is expected to be worse than with air because higher pressures are required for a unit volume of ammonia to store an equal amount of energy as a unit volume of air at a given temperature. This relationship is arrived at by considering the ideal gas law as a first approximation. Higher pressures lead to increased leakage within the scroll and a loss of performance. Additionally, ammonia is a smaller molecule than air and much smaller than R- 134A, further facilitating tip leakage and reducing efficiency. Fundamental design changes are required for the scroll concept to be utilized as an expander. The geometry of each scroll element should be altered such that the total number of chambers is increased as shown in Figure 5.12. This design reduces pressure differences between chambers and hence leakage (Hans-Joachim and Radermacher, 2003). Figure 5.12 Comparison of optimum geometries of a scroll compressor (left) and expander (right) (Adapted from Hans-Joachim and Radermacher, 2003) 6. CONCLUSIONS Global energy consumption is projected to increase 54% over the next 25 years. With proven oil reserves being called into question beyond 2030 it is important to develop renewable technologies to sustain the future global energy demand. By introducing an alternative fuel for transportation only, oil consumption can be reduced by as much as 20%. Hydrogen has many characteristics that make it a desirable fuel. It has the highest energy content per unit mass of any known fuel – nearly 3 times higher than gasoline, it burns cleanly and efficiently, and it can be produced from water via electrolysis powered by renewable energy. Two major obstacles to the emergence of a hydrogen economy are the limited means available to efficiency produce mass quantities of hydrogen from renewable energy sources and the storage issues related to the low energy density of hydrogen. Liquefying hydrogen provides a solution to its low density; however, the process requires additional energy. The maximum power output of 0.368 Hp (0.274 kW) occurred at 1460 RPM for the 80-psig inlet pressure case. The most efficient operating point is 18.2%. Rotational speed, inlet pressure, and power output at this point is 2000, 80 psig, and 0.282 Hp. The temperature of the working fluid (excluding leakage) is found at any point using the volumetric efficiency and flow rate. Therefore, with a volumetric efficiency of 0.6092 and temperatures of 71.6 °F and 31.5 °F at the inlet and exit at this point, the temperature of the working fluid is 4.77 °F. The low value of isentropic efficiency is due primarily to leakage caused by the density mismatch. The TRS-90 is designed for R-134A with a density of 0.262PDF Image | Optimization of a Scroll Expander Applied to an Ammonia/Water Combined Cycle System for Hydrogen Production - Paper No. 1645
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