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Chapter 1 Introduction In rural Alaska, approximately 180 villages consumes about 370,000MWh [1] of electrical energy annually, using isolated diesel generator sets. In general, the majority of time the diesel generators are operated in partial load and low load conditions. This makes the electrical power to fuel energy ratio be less than 40% and the rest of the fuel energy become heat dissipating into the environment through engine jacket coolant, exhaust, direct radiation, etc. If part of the waste heat could be used, there would be significant fuel savings. There are many heat recovery applications available for capturing diesel engine waste heat, including applications for general heating (e.g., space heating, city water temperature maintenance), direct thermal to electricity conversion, heat to power conversion using a heat engine, refrigeration, desalination, etc. Among these applications, waste heat for heating is considered the most efficient application; even heating is useful only for cold season. Although, in many cases, waste heat for heating is prohibited due to the village infrastructure and high construction cost, unwillingness of the villages, etc. A detailed report about waste heat for heating for Alaskan village diesel generators has been discussed in details in [2]. Waste heat for power through heat engines is also highly considered due to its acceptable efficiency (i.e., close to 10%), flexibility in electrical power utilization, and expected low maintenance (i.e. similar to steam engine or refrigeration systems). In addition, unlike heating application, power is needed yearly around. Power usage in many of the rural villages is about or below 1MW. For these generator sets, the power to be produced using waste heat recovery is expected below 100kW. For waste heat engines belonging to this category, the power to cost ratio is expected very high if the heat engine is facilitated with a radial turbine (i.e. a type of expander) for heat to power conversion. Many different thermodynamic cycles and different types of heat to power expanders have been tried to bring the cost down. Thermal cycle examples include organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and ammonia/water (or Kalina) cycle. Examples of heat to power conversion expanders include screw expander, scrolling expander, piston expander, etc. All of them are still either in prototype and proving stage or prototype fabrication stage. It is well understood that the performance of a heat engine depends on conditions of heating source and cooling source, which largely relay on the load pattern and waste heat properties (e.g., exhaust, jacket coolant) of the diesel generator set and the available village cooling source. Therefore, to estimate the performance and economic impact of any waste heat engine on an individual diesel generator set, the performance data of the heat engine under various heating and cooling conditions are needed. In general, these data are obtainable from test of the heat engine under controlled heating and cooling conditions. The objective of this project has four folds. The first is to prove that an improvement of the efficiency of the diesel power plant by about 10% (i.e. about 4% of fuel efficiency) is 6PDF Image | Optimizing Heat Recovery Systems for Power Generation in Rural AK
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