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Appendix IIIA Methodology Proposed for Stage 2 and Stage 3 Modeling Stage Two: The second stage is to use measured data from experiment to fit the values of system parameters of the first stage model. Data to be used for fitting include inputs and outputs of the testing system. Inputs include, at least, inlet temperatures and flow rates of the heat source and heat sink heat exchangers. Outputs include, at least, outlet temperatures of ORC heat exchangers and electrical power generated from the ORC system, of which the effect of mechanical to electrical power conversion efficiency is included. If other measured data become available (i.e. obtained from meters come with the ORC system or meters which are allowed to installed to the ORC system), they will also be used to fit the values of the parameters. The fitted parameters values will then be used for model simulation of the test system under extra operation conditions of heat source and heat sink. The simulation results for the extra operation conditions (using fitted parameter values) will be compared with experimental data under the respective testing operation conditions to investigate the discrepancies and to qualitatively determine the feasibility of modeling process. If the model is qualitatively feasible, but results predicted need to be improved, a more detailed model will then be adopted as the third stage of the simulation process. Stage Three: A more detailed model of an ORC system may need more than just four major subcomponents (i.e. expander, condenser, evaporator, and pump) as used for stage one modeling. Pipes and control elements (e.g. valves, fittings, and expansion tank) may affect heat transfer and pressure distribution and distribution of liquid and vapor in evaporator, condenser, and expansion tank. Therefore, pipes and control elements may affect performance of working fluid in the system and need to be included in system modeling. In addition, each of the sub components may be further divided into detailed elements to get better simulation results. An expander may be further divided into its function elements, which include pressure drop element as nozzle effect, vapor cooling down element for working fluid before entering into the screw channel, isentropic expansion element accounting for the working fluid expansion in the channel between the screws, further expansion element due to ambient pressure, leakage element for leakage of working fluid from high pressure region to low pressure region, and existing cooling down element. In addition to the six elements, mechanical loss due to friction also needs to be considered for obtaining net expander work. Inside the condenser, working fluid may experience three different conditions: vapor phase, mixed phase, and liquid phase. To better represent the performance of the condenser using simple mathematical model, a multi-section model may be needed with each section having its own constant heat transfer properties to approximate the heat transfer behavior of the particular zone. The spaces occupied by liquid, mixture, and vapor may be estimated using the amount of heat transferred. Pressure drop element is also needed for the condenser simulation. Similar to condenser, evaporator can be modeled using the same modeling 81PDF Image | Optimizing Heat Recovery Systems for Power Generation in Rural AK
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