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feedstocks required for torrefaction could be produced on Cornell‟s 14,000 acres of forest and agricultural land. The biomass could be torrified and stored on campus property and combusted in the existing 58 MWth coal boiler. System operation modes The proposed system has four different operation modes depending on the ambient temperature. They are discussed below and presented in Figure 4. The nominal mass flow rate is defined as the maximum DH flow rate at the inlet manifold of the central heat exchanger unit. Mode IV: ambient temperature is below its design value. The DH supply temperature is kept at its maximum value allowed by the specifications of pre- insulated piping (140°C or 284°F). The DH flow rate exceeds its nominal value in the distribution system, but not in the central heat exchanger, which is partially by-passed. ORC unit is not in operation. PERFORMANCE CRITERIA The performance of the proposed hybrid EGS- biomass existing metrics: systems is evaluated and compared to the Cornell energy system using the following Figure 4: Operation modes of the ‘DH-ORC’ system as a function of the ambient temperature. In the ‘DH’ scenario, operation modes are the same with exception of the ORC unit itself. Both design ambient tempe- rature and the distribution temperature are chosen by the thermoeconomic optimization procedure. Mode I: ambient temperature is above the design ambient temperature of the system. No building space heating is required. The DH system operates at minimum flow rate required by the domestic hot water demand. In the „DH-ORC‟ scenario the ORC unit operates at its nominal heat input. Mode II: ambient temperature is above its design value. The DH network flow rate varies according to the heating load. The torrefied biomass boiler is not used. If an ORC unit is installed, its heat input gradually decreases with decreasing ambient temperature until it reaches 40% of the nominal value. Below 40%, the ORC plant is switched off. Mode III: outdoor temperature is below the design ambient temperature. The torrefied biomass boiler is used to increase the DH distribution temperature up to 140°C (284°F). The DH flow rate is kept at its nominal value. In „DH-ORC‟ scenario the ORC unit is switched off. 1. LCOE (Levelized cost of electricity, U.S. ₵/kWh) – an economic metric. The sold district heat is indirectly incorporated in LCOE by using heat credits. 2. Avoided natural gas consumption (MMBTU) – an environmental and economic metric 3. Avoided CO2 emissions (tons CO2/year) – an environmental metric We evaluated the total CO2 emissions resulting from covering Cornell‟s heating and electricity demand, including electricity imported from the grid. Average emissions for New York State were assumed for the purchased electricity (NYISO, 2012). The proposed hybrid energy systems can reduce the profitability of the existing CHP power plant by lowering its thermal load. Therefore, both the „DH‟ and ‟DH-ORC‟ systems were evaluated and optimized as a whole i.e. including the existing CHP natural gas power plant and the remaining steam district heating network. In order to determine the most feasible design, a thermoeconomic model of the proposed energy systems has been created. The three sections that follow describe the thermodynamic model of the Cornell energy system, the economic performance model, and the system optimization procedure. MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEM A thermodynamic model of the proposed hybrid energy system was created in MATLAB software using methodology described in literature (Valdimarsson, 1993; Lukawski, 2010). This model evaluates temperature and mass flow rate of all streams presented in Figure 3 as a function of the ambient temperature. The main model outputs such as amount of delivered heat, natural gas consumption etc. are then integrated over a period of one year using a typical annual outdoor temperature distribution for the Ithaca region (EERE, 2013). To do this, we correlated the campus heat demand withPDF Image | PROPOSED HYBRID GEOTHERMAL - NATURAL GAS - BIOMASS ENERGY SYSTEM
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