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O&M costs of geothermal powered DH system: $10/MWh of delivered heat (IEA, 2011) Torrefied biomass purchase cost: 250 $/ton (Bergman et al., 2005) Electricity consumption of circulation pumps in the hydronic DH system: 8 ₵ /kWhe Heat credit: 75.6$/MWhth (CU Facilities Services, 2013). Sold heat is incorporated as annual revenue and used to calculate the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). SYSTEM OPTIMZATION PROCEDURE System design optimization was performed to minimize the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), which is defined as: [] ∑() [] () (2) Where i is the discount rate (6%) and n is the system lifetime (20 years). A procedure in the MATLAB model selects the optimum system configuration by screening all allowed combinations of values for the variables. This simplified approach was chosen due to discrete nature of the problem and potential presence of local minima. The optimized variables include: Design ambient temperature. It is the temperature at which the maximum thermal output of the EGS system is equal to the total campus heat demand. A low design temperature increases the fraction of total energy demand covered by the geothermal system, but reduces the capacity factor of EGS. A high design ambient temperature yields lower capital investment in EGS, but increases the amount of torrefied biomass required. Design outdoor temperature was varied from -21°C to 7°C (-6°F to 45°F). DH distribution temperature was varied from 90°C to 140°C in 5°C steps. Approach temperature in the central heat exchanger (i.e. the difference between the geothermal fluid wellhead temperature and the DH supply temperature) was varied from 3°C to 15°C. The MATLAB optimization procedure uses the following steps: 1. Selection of both the design ambient temperature and the district heating distribution temperature 2. Calculation of the temperatures and mass flow rates in all system components 3. Quantification of the capital investment and operating costs of the system 4. Internal optimization of the central heat exchanger. The approach temperature is selected to minimize the combined cost of geothermal wells and the central heat exchanger. 5. LCOE is calculated and the results are stored. 6. Procedure described in points 1-5 is repeated until all combinations of design ambient temperature and DH supply temperature are evaluated. 7. System design parameters corresponding to a minimum LCOE are selected. RESULTS Optimal system configuration The optimal design parameters minimizing the LCOE of the considered hybrid energy systems are presented in Table 1. Table 1: Optimal system operation parameters Scenario Design ambient temperature, °C (°F) DH distribution temperature, °C (°F) Heat load w/o ORC, GWhth/year EGS thermal output, GWhth/year Torrefied biomass boiler thermal output, GWhth/year ORC electric output GWhe/year EGS capacity factor Effective reservoir lifetime, years DH -3.3 (26) 105 (221) 92.7 88.6 4.1 - 58.3% 21 DH-ORC -12.2 (10) 120 (248) 93.7 209 0.2 8.3 89.5% 19 The economically optimal design of a direct-use system without an ORC unit corresponds to a relatively low distribution temperature of 105°C. In the „DH-ORC‟ system, a distribution temperature of 120°C is selected, which is the lowest value allowed in this scenario. In both cases high costs of geothermal wells shifted the optimal system configuration towards a lower reservoir temperature and a lower district heating distribution temperature. The ORC power plant operates on at least partial load for a large fraction of the year (84%) covering 3.3% of the campus electricity demand. The ORC increasesPDF Image | PROPOSED HYBRID GEOTHERMAL - NATURAL GAS - BIOMASS ENERGY SYSTEM
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