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Smart Mater. Struct. 21 (2012) 025021 F Y Lee et al Figure 6. Experimentally measured energy density harvested by 8/65/35 PLZT (sample 4) as a function of high electric field. The hot source temperature Thot was equal to (a) 100 ◦ C, (b) 120 ◦ C, (c) 130 ◦ C and (d) 160 ◦ C. The high electric field EH ranged from 0.4 to 2.5 MV m−1 . The cold source temperature Tcold and low electric field EL were set as 45 ◦ C and 0.2 MV m−1 , respectively. The relative error between the model predictions and experimental data is denoted by δ. Table 2. Comparison of maximum energy density achieved using the Olsen cycle or different materials, temperature ranges electric fields. and operating Reference [5] [7] [6] [9] [64] [12] [25] [23] [4] [69] [17] [20] [51] [19] Present study Material PZST PZST PZST PZST 73/27 P(VDF–TrFE) 60/40 P(VDF–TrFE) 60/40 P(VDF–TrFE) 60/40 P(VDF–TrFE) 60/40 P(VDF–TrFE) 61.3/29.7/9 P(VDF–TrFE–CFE) PZN-4.5PT PZN-5.5PT PMN-10PT PMN-32PT 8/65/35 PLZT ND (J 131 130 100 0.4 30 52 130 521 900 50 217 150 186 100 888 l−1 /cycle) Tcold (◦C) 157 145 146 110 23 58 67 25 25 0 100 100 30 80 25 Thot (◦C) 177 178 159 170 67 77 81 110 120 25 160 190 80 170 160 EL (MV m−1) 0.4 1.2 0.0 0.0 23.0 4.1 20.3 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 EH (MV m−1) 3.2 3.2 2.9 2.8 53.0 47.2 37.9 50.0 60.0 25.0 2.0 1.2 3.5 0.9 7.5 required to achieve an electric field of 7.5 MV m−1instead of 2175 V required across a 290 μm thick sample (sample 7). Moreover, the power output of devices using conduc- tion [21], convection [25] or radiation [24] could be signifi- cantly improved by employing a multistaging technique [5]. This technique consists of placing pyroelectric materials in the order of increasing TCurie between the cold and the hot source. The Curie temperature TCurie of PLZT can be tuned by adjusting the lanthanum doping level (x) into PZT along with the Pb/Ti ratio. In fact, TCurie was reported to be 65, 150, 8PDF Image | Pyroelectric waste heat harvesting using relaxor ferroelectric
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