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Smart Mater. Struct. 21 (2012) 025021 F Y Lee et al Figure 8. D–E diagram of isothermal bipolar D–E loops and experimental Olsen cycles for 8/65/35 PLZT (sample 4). The temperature Thot was equal to (a) 100◦C, (b) 120◦C, (c) 130◦C and (d) 160◦C while Tcold = 45◦C, EL = 0.2 MV m−1 and EH = 2.5 MV m−1. The Olsen cycle was vertically displaced to coincide with the D–E curve at Thot. with the corresponding Olsen cycles measured for EL = 0.2 MV m−1 and EH = 2.5 MV m−1. Figure 8 illustrates the discrepancies between model predictions and experimental data. In fact, the Olsen cycles did not span the electric displacement between the isothermal bipolar D–E loops corresponding to Tcold and Thot. It did not fully overlap either with the isothermal bipolar D–E loops at Tcold when the electric field increased from EL to EH (process 1–2). This may be attributed to a sudden increase in electric displacement associated with a field-induced phase transition [18] and/or possibly the existence of mixed phases [68] when the applied electric field increased from EL to Ecr during the Olsen cycle. In contrast, this sharp increase in electric displacement was absent in the bipolar D–E loop at Tcold. Overall, the model predictions were relatively good given the range of parameters explored, the simplicity of the model which did not account for leakage current and the complexity of the physical phenomena taking place during the Olsen cycle. 6. Conclusion This paper reports, for the first time, experimental measure- ments of energy densities generated by ferroelectric relaxor 8/65/35 PLZT undergoing the Olsen cycle. A maximum energy density of 888 J l−1/cycle corresponding to a power density of 15.8 W l−1 was obtained at 0.0178 Hz for operating temperatures between Tcold = 25 ◦C and Thot = 160 ◦C and electric fields cycled between EL = 0.2 MV m−1 and EH = 7.5 MV m−1. The maximum electric field and temperature swing were limited by electrical breakdown and thermal stress, respectively. Sample variability was relatively small, particularly at high temperatures and large electric fields. Moreover, increasing the operating temperature difference Thot − Tcold increased the energy density harvested but in turn reduced the power density produced due to an increase in the time required to perform isoelectric cooling and heating (processes 4–1 and 2–3) under quasiequilibrium conditions. Furthermore, the electrical breakdown strength and thus the energy and power densities of 8/65/35 PLZT increased as the sample thickness decreased. Finally, the experimental results confirmed the validity of the physical model [19] developed to predict energy densities of ferroelectric relaxors subjected to the Olsen cycle. Further experiments on the electric-field-induced phase transitions of 8/65/35 PLZT are necessary to better understand the behavior of the D–E loops and Olsen cycles obtained in this study. Acknowledgments FYL is grateful to the UCLA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department for financial support in the form of 10PDF Image | Pyroelectric waste heat harvesting using relaxor ferroelectric
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